Ch 3--Models of Psychopathology

the biological model

adopts a medical perspective

psychological abnormality

caused by malfunction in the organism

-brain anatomy or chemical issues

brain anatomy

-composed of 100 billion neurons and 9 times as many glial cells

glial cells

help support the functions of the brain

dendrites

recieving part of the neuron

neurotransmitters

released into the synapse

what are some examples of neurotransmitters?

norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

endocrine system

releases hormones into the body

amygdala

decides, fight, flight, freeze

polygenetic roots

not just one gene that turns on a disorder

genetic inheritance

with numerous genes that can control our characteristics and traits

what important event happened in the 1950’s?

-developed to drugs to alleviate certain medical disorders

what are the 4 major drug groups?

antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, antibipolar drugs, antpsychotic drugs

electroconvulsion therapy ECT

brain seizure triggered when electric current passes through electrodes attached to patients forehead

psychosurgery

brain surgery for mental disorders

who is famously associated with the biological model?

Sigmund Freud—-developed very first talk therapy

what were the three unconscious forces that Freud used in psychotherapy?

id—pleasure princliple—needs

ego—reality

superego—morality

dysfunctional personality

conflict is obsessive

balance is so off that person cannot function normally

how did freud explain psychological fucntioning?

-developmental stage

sucessful—personal growth

unsuccesful—fixation

self-theorists

emphasize the unified personality—

maldaptive behaviors

object-relation theorists

emphasize the human need for relationships, especially between children and caregivers

ex: parent is object and relation the children has with object

if parent is loveable, the child learns that they are caring/loveable

free association

client described any thought, image, or feeling that comes to mind

resistance

unconscious refusal to participate in therapy

transference

clients tendency to come into therapy and enact how they feel about a person

short-term psychodynamic theories

focus on current relationships and patterns

relational psychoanalytic therapy

specifically focuses on current relationships

What were strengths of the psychodynamic model?

importance of psychological theories and treatment

all functioning rooted in the same processes

first to apply theory systematically to tratment

what were weakness of psychodynamic model?

unsupported ideas; difficult to research

non observable—unconscious

classical conditioning

antecedent behavior—-the thing befor the behavior

operant conditioning

interested in consequence of the behavior

cognitive-behavior model

-focuses on maldaptive behaviors or cognitions

shares behavioral and cognitive perspectives

cognitions

thoughts and perspectives

cognitive dimension

think cognition is the center of our behavior

exposure therapy

client exposed to situations and slowly increasing level of exposure

acceptance and commitment therapy ACT

focuses that thought may arise but they dont have to act on it

mindfulness meditation

helps regulate the nervous system

what are some draw backs with the cognitive behavioral model?

-not effective with everyone

-focuses on current experiences and functioning

-same event didnt always lead to same behavior

humanist view

emphasize people as inherently good

focus on drive to self-actualize—-driven to improve and become better version of self

existentialist view

emphasize self-determination—indivisual gets to choose that path

focus on authenticity

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance, care, and support towards another person, regardless of their actions, behaviors, or personal standards

accurate empathy

reflect back what therapist said

genuineness

having real human interactions

Gestalt Theory

-developed Fritz Pearls

-guide client toward self recognition

self-recognition

recognizing what they are doing

self-decption

-hiding from responsibilities

-failure to recognize ability to change what they do

sociocultural models

behavior influenced by social and cultural forces

adress norms and role in society

enmeshed vs. disengaged

too involved or too uninvolved

culture

values, attitudes, believes, history, and behaviors shared by a group of people and passed to the next

intersectionality

examines how individuals membership combine to shape particular experience

intersection of identity

culture-sensitive therapy

adress unique issues in cultural group

gender-sensitive therapies

pressure of being a gender in society

equifinality

principle of a number of different routes of development can lead to same ending

multifinality

similar upbringings and preserved absence of one factor determined outcome.