Chapter 8 Terms

2nd Bank of the United States

The national treasury organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. It proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819

Francis Cabot Lowell

A Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates. They built a textile mill in Massachusetts. Had all machines needed to turn raw cotton into cloth

Protective Tariff of 1816

This helped American industry by raising the prices of British goods which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those of the U.S.

Factor System

Government agents supplied tribes with goods at cost; worked to drive Canadian traders out of the region; and helped create a situation of dependency on the factors that made Native Americans themselves easier to control.

Black Belt

The region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves; this emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

William Becknell

He offered American goods to Mexicans priced considerably lower than the inferior Mexican goods previously dominating the market.

Santa Fe Trail

The 900 mile road opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain.

Rocky Mountain Fur Company

This was founded by Andrew Henry and William Ashley, who recruited mountain men to live permanently in a region hunting for furs in exchange for wages and supplies.

Astor's American Fur Company

Before the War of 1812, John Jacobs had established Astoria as a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon. John Jacobs sold his interests to the Northwestern Fur Company at the beginning of the war. Afterwords, he centered his own operations in the Great lakes area, eventually extending westward towards the Rockies. Did trade with Indians, but increasingly began to catch their own pelts.

Mountain Men

Men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other western regions of the US

Stephan Long

He explored the land near the Red and Arkansas Rivers and called the Great Plains area the "Great American Desert."

Monroe's Goodwill Tour

This has not been done since Washington; Monroe trip around the United States on the way to his Inauguration and was greeted by both Federalists and Republicans; the "Era of Good Feeling" had arrived. He tried to boost his chances of becoming President through this tour.

Era of Good Feelings

This phrase was coined by a Boston newspaper that was commonly associated with the administration of James Monroe. It represented a time of a sense of nationalism in the country, as well as a sober executive.

John Quincy Adams

The cold & scholarly son of John Adams; a statesman of the first rank; one of the great secretaries of state; ardent patriot & nationalist; won Monroe's cabinet over to not discipline or disavow Andrew Jackson - this man said that Spain had violated the Spanish-American Treaty of 1795 by not suppressing the outlaws of Florida; he then insisted that the alternatives were for the Spaniards to control the area (a task they admitted was impossible) or cede it to the United States; did not support the Canning proposal.

Adams-Onis Treaty

An agreement in 1819 where Spain ceded all of Florida to the US and gave up claim to territory north of 42nd parallel in the pacific northwest; in return, America gave up Texas.

Seminole War

Andrew Jackson had orders to adopt the necessary measures to stop the continuing raids on American territory by Indians, he invaded Florida and seized Spanish forts St. Marks and Pensacola, and hanged two British subjects on the charge of supplying and inciting the Indians. Jackson fought these Indians for years but they had African-American assistance and were adept at guerrilla warfare. 1,500 white soldiers died, they exterminated many Indians and the leader Osceola died and still some remained in Florida. Jackson and the US quit.

Panic of 1819

An economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Missouri Compromise

An act of Congress in 1820 by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′N, except for Missouri.

Thomas Amendment

During the Missouri Crisis from 1819-1821, Illinois Senator Jesse Thomas, hoping to prevent further conflict, got Congress to adopt his proposal to ban slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30' (excluding Missouri).

Fletcher v. Peck

This case arose when a Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River (Mississippi) to private speculators; the next legislature, yielding to an angry public outcry, canceled the transaction; the Supreme Court decreed that the legislative grant was a contract (even though fraudulently secured) & that the Constitution forbids states laws "impairing" contracts; most noteworthy as further protecting property rights against popular pressures; it is also one of the earliest clear assertions of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Cohens v. Virginia

This case gave Marshall one of his greatest opportunities; this family, found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, appealed to the highest tribunal; Virginia won in that the conviction of the family was upheld, but it lost in that Marshall resoundingly asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving the powers of the federal government

McCullough v. Maryland

A court case in 1819, where Chief Justice John Marshall limits the US constitution and of the authority of the federal and state governments; one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal government to establish one. The Supreme Court ruled that power of federal government was supreme- and that those of the states and the states could not interfere.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshall, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshall's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Johnson v. McIntosh

Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.

Worcester v. Georgia

A Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty, however Jackson ignored it

Monroe Doctrine

Written in 1823, which established diplomatic relations with five new nations of Central/South America; Chile, Per, La Plata, Colombia, and Mexico. US is first country to recognize them. Document states that the US would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations an unfriendly act.

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson receives most popular and electoral votes over Adam, Crawford, and Clay. The 12th amendment required the House to choose among the three candidates with the largest numbers of electoral votes. Adams won and Jackson called the whole ordeal "The Corrupt Bargain".

American System

An economic system based upon the ideas of Alexander Hamilton. It included a high tariff to support international improvements and a national bank to encourage enterprise.

Henry Clay

The distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Tariff of Abominations

This bill favored western agricultural interests by raising import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these taxes raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

Election 1828

Jackson won this, which showed shift of political power to "the common man", when the government changed hands from Quincy Adams to Jackson.

National Republicans

The group who opposed Andrew Jackson, supported John Quincy Adams; it served as the basis for the Whig Party and promoted national unity, good of federal government rather than separate states.

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank.