PA Quiz

function of vitamin D

absorption of calcium and phosphorus

where is vitamin D actived

kidneys

Renal failure = what

low vitamin D and Calcium

sources of vitamin D

sunlight, fortified milk, fish, and eggs

yogurt

margarine

juice

cereal

what affects not getting sunlight

air pollution

pigmentation

sunscreen

how often should you be in the sun

10-20 min a day

Soft painful bones that are deformed and easily fractured

osteomalacia

how can osteomalacia occur

in women in childbearing years or people with diets low in vitamin D

Frequent pregnancies followed by frequent lactation

what are most likely to be fractured with osteomalacia

Spine, pelvis, and bones of the lower extremities

Flexible, deformed, soft bones, bony necklace, changes in skull

rickets

Decreased osteocytes

Pts are unable to convert vitamin D to its active form

osteodystrophy in renal failure

what are pts given with osteodystrophy

calcitriol

why do you have deformed bones?

Calcium pulled out of bone to blood vessels

Related to the excessive use of supplements where Calcium deposits can build up in the tissues leading ot bone pain/fractures

vitamin D toxicity

where can calcium also build up

in kidney and cause renal calculi (kidney stones)

Protein foods cannot be properly metabolized so uric acid builds up in joints

GOUT

how to manage gout

low purine diet so avoid red meat organ meat and fish

Increased uric acid in joints

gout

what helps gout

Cherry's can decrease inflammation, coffee

Alkaline-ash diet

what is an alkaline ash diet

includes milk and cheese, alkaline fruits (melon, dry figs and dry apricots), alkaline vegetables (baked potatoes, broch, tomatoes beets

Missing liver enzyme = increased phenylalanine

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

what causes major brain damage in kids

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

what should you avoid if you have Phenylketonuria (PKU)

foods with high protein and aspartame

There are special infant formulas: phenyl-free and lofenalac

Hypersensitivity to gluten protein

celiac disease

what happens with celiac disease

Inflammation of intestinal villi so malabsorption of fats occurs in the intestine

Steatorrhea can occur

what is the main sign for celiac disease

Severe malnutrition; FTT (failure to thrive)

what do you avoid in a gluten free diet

barley

rye

oats

wheat

what do you subsitute gluten with

corn

rice

potato

tapioca

reasons for vegetarian diet

religions

environmentalists

what is the concern with vegitarians

some nutrients are only found in animal products

Special considerations for vegetarians

Children should not eat this but safe if they balance the diet between fruits vegetables and grains

Pregnant women need to take prenatal vitamins

who does an acid ash diet benefit

those with depression

low HR

chronic fatigue

what is in an acid ash diet

Starches

Fish,eggs, fruits (acidic types)

No milk or cheese cause the are alkaline

what require fat for absoprtion

fat soluble vitamins

vitamin A function

vision (allows you to see in the dark)

prevents macular degeneration

what is macular degeneration

retina deteriorates and causes central blindness

how is vitamin A deficiency caused

Caused by poor food selection

Poor absorption due to a lack of bile from the liver or lipase from the kidneys and results in poor fat absorption

Causes night blindness

what are the two dietary forms of vitamin A

retinol from animal sources

B carotene from colorful plants and vegetables aka provitamin A

what is preformed vitamin A

retinol which is in milk

cheese

egg yolk

liver

fish

plants cannot synthesize vitamin A) t/f

true

what stores 80% of vitamin A

liver

what are the top 10 sources of vitamin A

on notecard

vitamin A toxicty can lead to what

liver damage and birth defects

be careful of acne medications

function of vitamin D

absorption of calcium and phosphorus

important for bond formation

Occurs after eating and is related to the reduced capacity of the stomach; Undigested food is dumped into the jejunum

dumping syndrome

what kind of stimulates dumping syndrome

Occurs in patients after gastric resection surgery

when does dumping syndrome subside

6-12 months

Signs/Symptoms 10-30 minutes after eating of dumping syndrome

Vertigo and syncope2

Tachycardia and palpitations

Abdominal distention, cramping, and pain.

Diarrhea and nausea

Diaphoresis

treatment for dumping syndrome

-Semi-recumbent with meals

-lie down after meals

-No liquid with meals (drink in between meals)

-decrease carbs (they empty first)

Backflow of gastric contents from the stomach into the esophagus

GERD

S/S of GERD

Heartburn -

Indigestion

Aggravated by lying down or any increase in abdominal pressure

treatment for GERD

Medications: Antacids, H2R blockers, PPI2.

Stop smoking;

Avoid alcohol

Avoid chocolate, fatty foods, and large meals at night

Refrain from lying down after meals

Elevate the head of the bed or use pillows

Part of the stomach is pushing up through the diaphragm

hiatal hernia

Gastric acid reflux into esophagus; substernal burning sensation

Gastritis with bleeding and anemia

hiatal hernia

treatment for hiatal hernia

Small, frequent feedings

Weight loss

Avoid leaning over or lying down immediately after meals

Sleep with HOB elevated

Antacids to relieve gastric burning

Tissue loss on the surface of the GI mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and Caused by Helicobacter pylori

PUD

what is the most common form of PUD

duodenal ulcer

S/S of PUD

-Abdominal Pain 1/2-1 hour after a meal

-Vomiting

-Hemorrhage

treatment for PUD

Avoid: NSAIDS, stress, alcohol, milk, cream, caffeine, excessive seasonings, black pepper, chocolate, and smoking

Do not let the stomach empty completely: small, frequent, nutritious meals

types of inflammatory Bowel disease

Chron's disease and ulcerative colitis

mucosal tissue lesions throughout the small and large intestines segmental manner

Crohn's disease

ucosal tissue lesions starting at the rectum and progressingto varying lengths of the colon

ulcerative colitis

S/S of inflammatory bowel disease

Abdominal pain

Diarrhea

Rectal bleeding

Perforations

Weight loss

treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Small, frequent meals

2. Low-fat, low-residue/fiber, high-protein, high-calorie diet

3. Vitamin and mineral supplements: D, zinc, calcium, magnesium, B9, B12, iron

4. Avoid foods high in oxalate

5. Increase antioxidant intake

6. Use probiotics and prebiotics