Music History Final

Instruments and ensembles

Instruments and ensembles

instruments are now totz cool amongst the general public, especially piano and violin. This then inspired composers to write teaching pieces.

Genres

different types of music; classical symphony, classical sonata etc

Plans

Number of mvmts listed in order and by tempo. Ex: F S F

Forms

Organization and Structure of individual movements

Bar Form

aab (a = stollen b = abesang)

Binary Form

A B

Ternary Form

A B A’

Minuet & Trio

Minuet - Trio - Minuet (da capo)

Scherzo & Trio

Scherzo - trio - scherzo (da capo)

Sonata Form

exposition, development, recapitualation

Rondo Form

Sonata Rondo Form

Exp: ABA Dev: C Recap: ABA

Symphony and String Quartet Plan

Plan: Fast, Slow, Moderate, fast

Forms: F: Sonata,

S: Sonata (ternary/theme and variation/song form [strophic])

M: Minuet & trio/ scherzo & trio/ waltz

F: sonata/rondo/rondo sonata

Concerto and Sonata Plan

Plan: Fast Slow Fast

Forms:

F: Sonata

S: Ternary/ Song form (strophic)/ theme & variations

F: sonata/rondo/sonata-rondo

D. Scarlatti

Experimental ;) (with BInary form until sonata form)

Was a private tutor with Princess of Portugal

Wrote about 355 KEYBOARD sonatas for Portugalian Princess

Each two mvmts with two keys (ex: D major paired with D minor)

Essercizi/ sonatas

Exercise/ keyboard sonatas written by D. Scarlatti for Portugal Princess

Rounded Binary Form

A B A

Sonata in D Major K. 119

Written by D. Scarlatti. Assuming it is an essercizi. Binary form

C.P.E Bach

Director of music for city of Hamburg

Essay on the True Art of playing Keyboard instruments

Written by C.P.E Bach. Bunch o’ exercises to learn keyboard.

Empfindsamer Stil

Style of music composition that was pushed by C.P.E Bach. German word for sensitive.

Italian symphony

Italian Symphony came from Italian opera overture. FSF plan- last mvmt is usually a dance like a minuet or a gigue

Sinfonia

As per my knowledge, the same as an Italian symphony. Opera overtures are published and played separate from their operas

German Symphony

Germany instilled the main development of symphonies. Mannaheim Orchestra is a big name.

Concerto

Baroque Concerto Grosso type continued to be written until eventually solo concertos (typically for violin or piano became most popular). FSF, outer mvmts in modified ritornello form, slow mvmt in ternary form with a soloist and melody

J.C. Bach

Taught lil Mozart how to write sinfonias and solo concertos xoxo. Club name is “The London Bach.”

Double exposition sonata form

Concerto First Mvmt Form

FSF Plan, first and last mvmts combine things like ritornello and sonata form.

Cadenza

Orchestra ends on 1 6/4 and soloists improvises to a cadence

J. Haydn Bio

1732- born in Rohrau (lower austria)

1740-1750- choir boy in St. Stevens Cathedral in Vienna

1750-1760 - lived independently in Vienna.

1758 or 59 - became music director for Count Morzin

• morzin had financial issues so this was not long term

1761 - became vice-kapellmeister to the Esterhazys

• These people were like mega rich.

1766 - promoted to kapellmeister

1790 - retired as kapellmeister; two trips to London

1809- rip. he died in Vienna

Haydn Symphonies

Composed about 106 of these. He has been referred to as “the father of the symphony”

Early symphonies had specific number and sequence of mvmts, kind of like a dance suite. Haydn established symphonies with four mvmts and a FSMF plan

String Quartets & Divertimenti

2 violins, viola, and cello

early haydn quartets: divertimenti

Divertimento

Early haydn string quartets

multi-movement work simuliar to a dance suite (4-9 mvmts)

for amateurs and for fun not for performing

1st violin has dominant part, viola and cello doubled in octaves

Quartet Op 33 No 5

Haydn set of 6 string quartets. These are minuets now called scherzi. Better balance of all four string voices.

Haydn Classical Sonata and Concerto plan/form

Plan: FSF

Form: Sonata, Ternary (sometimes song/strophic or theme and variations), Sonata (sometimes rondo or sonata rondo)

Haydn classical symphony and string quartet plan

FSMF became standard plan for German symphonies

Symphony No. 88

By Haydn

Sonata allegro (slow intro), Theme and variations, minuet and trio, rondo

Haydn Vocal Works

Very successful in oratorios and masses!! Everyone cheer for him!!

Wrote opera seria, buffa, and giocoso (jocular drama)

Masses were his most famous works. They were basically symphonies for voice and orchestra using mass text.

Study guide does not list any of these but just in case: Creation oratorio, and the Lord Nelson mass or “Missa in Angustiis”

W. A. Mozart

Born in 1756 in Salzburg

-Father Leopold was an important musician, who wrote the treatise on violin playing \n -He went around europe with his family to get his musical educaation \n -He met J.C. Bach in London, and Studied opera in Italy \n -He spent a lot of time in Salzburg in the mid-late 1770's \n -He resented being a servant to Colloredo, and looked for jobs outside of Salzburg \n -From 1781-1791, he made a living as an independent composer in Vienna; 1781-1786 were the most fruitful years

Mozart Piano Sonatas/Concertos

19 of these for entertainment/teaching

Learned how to write concertos from JC Bach

JC Bach wrote by ripping off someone else and adding instrumental ritornello. Made it easy.

Mozart Symphonies

Wrote his first symphony at the age of 8

Last six of these were written in Vienna

Fast Slow Fast tempo order, binary, rounded binary sonata form in the fast movements. Aria or ternary in the slow movements.

Combined German technicality and Italian lyricism

28, 29, and 30 were his first ones to be considered mature

39, 40, and 41 are his most programed ones

Mozart Operas

Wrote three types of these (seria, buffa, and singspiel or german with spoken dialogue)

Piano Sonata No. 12

by Mozart, in C major. Sonata form in outer mvmts. Google was too much of a hassle to give you guys info beyond that sorry.

Piano Concerto No. 23

By Mozart, sonata form, begins with a double exposition

Don Giovanni

Mozart Opera. Google says opera Buffa xoxo.

Beethoven Bio + First Style Period

1770- Born in Bonn to family of musicians, began working for court at 13

1792: big break when Haydn came to Bonn, told Beeth he would teach him if he went to Vienna; Moved to Vienna and made living by teaching and composing; 1799: serious hearing problems, built reputation by playing in concerts and salons of the rich and making name as pianist \n 1802: Heiligenstadt Testament- decided to do something about deafness, birth of the romantic Beethoven \n -Changed attitude toward what a composer should be: 1802 starting the romantic period.

125. Sonata, Op. 13 mvmt 1

By Beethoven, three mvmts; sonata form, rondo form, and rondo form again.

Final question:

Entire history of opera:

• began in Florence with the Florence Camerata

• Moved to Rome, in this section you could bring in greater distinction of recitative and Aria. Castrati also started here

• Opera became super pop. in Venice where there was a huge opera house. It became less classism here too I think

• Moved to Naples

• J.P Lully and the Academie Royale de Musique

• Three forms of opera in Italy: seria, buffa, and intermezzo

Some things that might be easy to look back for and study:

• big differences in between types of operas

• examples of those types of operas

• composers- who made big developments in opera