BIOL 1308 Study guide (16-32)

Why does ice float?

Ice floats → hydrogen bonds spread molecules out

Compare H+ and OH+ concentrations of an acid versus a base. Which one has more OH-? Which one has more H+?

• Acid: has more H⁺ and less OH⁻

• Base: has more OH⁻ and less H⁺

Macromolecules: Know the monomers, examples, structure, and functions of each

Type	Monomer	Function
Carbs	Monosaccharide	Energy
Lipids	Fatty acids	Long-term energy
Proteins	Amino acids	Structure, enzymes
Nucleic acids	Nucleotides	DNA/RNA

Are these mono, di, or poly saccharides? Sucrose, glucose, galactose, cellulose? 

Carbohydrate	Type	"Sugar Units"
Glucose	Monosaccharide	1 (Simple)
Galactose	Monosaccharide	1 (Simple)
Sucrose	Disaccharide	2 (Double)
Cellulose	Polysaccharide	Many (Complex)

How are macromolecules built? Broken down? Know the names and steps of each in both picture and word form..

Process	Water (H2​O)	Result
Dehydration	Out (Removed)	Builds
Hydrolysis	In (Added)	Breaks

What is special about the protein shape? Be able to identify all four levels

Protein shape determines function and is organized into four levels: primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple chains)

What is special about a protein's R group?

The R group (also called the side chain) is the only part of an amino acid that varies between the 20 different types. While the "backbone" of every amino acid is identical, the R group determines the specific identity and chemical behavior of the protein

Cholesterol is a precursor to _______________________

steroid hormones (including cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen), bile acids, and vitamin D

Why is a phospholipid called bipolar? Know structure

A phospholipid is called bipolar (or more accurately, amphipathic) because it possesses two distinct, opposite ends with different affinities for water: a polar, "water-loving" head and a nonpolar, "water-fearing" tail. This structure allows them to spontaneously arrange themselves into bilayers in water, forming the foundation of cell membranes

DNA has a __________________________________ backbone

sugar-phosphate

What is the complementary DNA sequence of GGTTAATT?

CCAATTAA

Saturated fats _________ double bonds along the hydrocarbon chain.

Saturated fats have no (or zero) double bonds along the hydrocarbon chain. Their carbon atoms are fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms, connected only by single bonds, allowing the molecules to pack tightly together and remain solid at room temperature.

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____

high levels of secretion, likely synthesizing, modifying, and packaging large amounts of proteins, lipids, or glycoproteins for export. Such cells, like antibody-producing plasma cells or endocrine cells, rely on this organelle to process materials from the ER.

What is the difference between a flagellum versus cilia? Where can they be found?

Cilia and flagella are hairlike appendages on cells used for movement or sensing, with flagella typically long/few (whip-like) and cilia short/numerous (oar-like). Cilia move fluids over surfaces (e.g., respiratory tract) or act as antennae (e.g., sensory cells), while flagella primarily propel individual cells, such as sperm