UWORLD Missed Questions (Bio and Biochem)

What does renin do?

vasoconstriction

Thyroid horomones play roles in…

metabolic rate and development

What is a measure of thermodynamic stability of a compound

heat of combustion

An increase in hydrostatic pressure causes osmotic pressure to _________, and causes fluid to move into/out of tissues

increase, out of

what do malnourished people tend to have less….

oncoic pressure in the glomerular capillary

the glomerulus is surroundinded by the…

bowman’s capsule

the notochord develops from the….

mesoderm

The low energy conformation of myosin in a sarcomere is when…

it is bound to ATP only

In the sarcomere, calcium binds to

troponin

a decrease in protein in the blood causes osmotic pressure to ________ and causes fluid to move into/out of tissues

decrease, into

where does the first trna bind to in translation in the rRNA

P site

process by which one X chromosome is inactivated to tegulate X chromosome expression dosage (occurs in females)

barr bodies

process by which one allele of a gene is expressed in a parent specific way

gene imprinting

What type opf process is gene imprinting?

epigenetic

DNA that reads the same on its forward and complement sequence is called

palindorme DNA

A sequence that needs to be cut has nucleotides CCCCGGGC. What types of restriction enzumes can cut this?

4 and 6 base pair recongition sequence

restriciton enzymes recognize….and cut them

palindromic sequences

Ionotropic recpetors are a fancy way of saying

ligand gated ion channel

metabotropic recpetors are just another way of saying

GPCR

how many and where are the ions pumped for all sodium potassium channels in the body

3 Na out of cell, 2 K into cell

what type of protein is caspase? (remember it destorys proteins)

hydrolase

Assume that a certain species with sex chromosomes R and S exists such that RR individuals develop as males and RS individuals develop as females. Which of the following mechanisms would most likely compensate for the potential imbalance of sex-chromosome gene productsbetween males and females of this species?

inactivation

if two married inidivudals are both affected by a genetic mutation, and 50% of their children also have the mutatuon, this means that the miutaution is….

autosomal dominant

during anarobic conditions, does the ETC function?

NO

during anaerobic conditions, the cytoplasm will become

acidic

what are three necessary conditions for michelis menton

steady state conditions, constnat pH, enzyme concentration is lower than the substrate

in a graph, the period of a wave is the…

peak of one wave to the peak of the other wave on the same side

UV absorbption spectra is used to determine what for organic compounds

functional group

does affinity chromatography utilize charges to separate molecules?

NO

glyceraldehyde, glucose, galatocse, and mannose are all forms of

aldoses

how many protons does NADH pump across the mitcohdrial mermbrane?

10

how many protons does NADH pump across the mitochondria membrane?

10

how many protons does FADH2 pump across the mitochdonria membrane?

6

What is complex 1 of the ETC called

NADh dehydrogenase

What is complex 2 of the ETC called?

succinate dehydrogenase

an inactive enyzme is reffered to as a

zymogen

multipotent cells can differentiate into fewer types of tissue than ________ and __________

pluripotent and totipotent

a morphogen is a juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine factor

paracrine

a signmoidal enzyme binding curve means that there are…

multiple activer sites

which muscle cells have gap junctions?

smooth and cardiac

a molecule that alters cell differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner is known as a…

morphogen

pluripotent cells can differnetiate into everything but

placental cells

in the muscle contraction unit, calcium will bind to

troponin

to determine if L or D in a sugar, look at the…

highest numbered carbon

what generates toruqe in bacteria with flagella

basal body

What is the carnitine shuttle used for?

fatty acid into mitochondria for beta oxidation

What is the rate limiting step of the pentose phosphate pathway

g6p dehydrogenase (converts g6p to 6 phosphogluconate)

what activates the pyrvate dehydrogenase complex?

calcium

where does the kreb’s cycle take place

mitochondria

wich fermentation produces acetylaldehyde prior to the final product?

lactic acid fermentation

how many ATP do the processes of lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?

2

what does active PDH make?

NADH and acetyl Co A

Where is O2 converted to H2O in the ETC

complex 4

How many protons pumped acorss the membrane yield 1 ATP

4

in the citric acid cycle, NADH production takes place at the

carbon drops and final step

plasmids are always what shape?

circular

what happens to the anomeric carbon during the linearization of cyclical sugars

it becomes an aldehyde

On a lineweaver burk plot, V max gets larger closer or furtherfrom the origin?

closer

later peaks of column chomatography stick stronger to the _________ phase

stationary

in anion exchange chromatography, which molecules will be the last to elute?

those with a negative charge

if double stranded DNA is kept in a low pH environment, this will cause it to…

come apart

double stranded DNA is most stable in high/low salt envivornments

high

a native gel will tell about a protein/DNA’s…

original shape

if a denaturing gel of different samples of DNA/mRNA has lines occuring at the same latitude, this means they have the same…

number of base pairs

What charge does the mobile phase have in an anion exchange column? what about a cation exvhange column?

positive. negative

in cation exchange chromatography, which molecules will be the last to elute?

those with a positive charge

insulin and glucagon are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

hydrophilic

how are disulfide bonds broken?

cysteine residues are reduced

if NaOh is dissolved in water, what happens to entropy

it increases?

What is the general name for this compound?

phosphatide

What is the general structure of a phosphatide?

fatty acid esters with a nitrogen linked to a phosphate group

lower temperatures favor _________ control of a reaction

kinetic

thermodynamic is irreversible/reversible and kinetic is irreversible/reversible

reversible, irreversible

Which product is more stable? thermodynamic or kinetic

thermodynamic

how are disulfide bonds broken?

which protein moves the furthest for an SDS page gel under non-reducing conditions?

protien 3

“steric contraints” is also known as

steric hinderance

write the michaelis menton equation

V0 = Vmax(S)/(Km+(S))

kinetic products form slower/quicker because they have a lower/higher activation energy tan thermodynamic products

quicker, lower

conjugation is when

you have alternating double bonds

higher temperatures favor _______ control of a reaction

thermodynamic

What is this called?

phosphonic acid

accepting/donating electron pairs is characteristic of _______ acids/bases

lewis

if delta h has gone up, that means that enthalpy has increased/decreased?

increased

the the temperature of a solution increases after dissolution of a salt, that measn that the reaciton is exothermic/endothermic

exothermic

A sparingly soluble metal hydroxide, M(OH)₂ has a molar solubility of S mol/L at 25°C. Its K_spvalue is:

4S³

ncuelar factors are also known as

transcription factors

when a G protein is activated, what happens to the GDP bound to the alpha subunit

it will turn to GTP and detach from subunit

what does ion exchange chromatagoraphy sperate proteins based on?

charge

what enzyme converts acetyl co A to malonyl co A for fatty acid synthesis?

acetyl co A carboxylase

What is the regulatory step in Fatty Acid synthesis

conversion of acetyl co A to malonyl co A

triglycerides are typically used for

storage in adipocytes

list all gluconeogenic precursors

glycerol, alanine, lactate, oxaloacetate

where does glcuoenogensis occur?

liver and kidneys

What are gluconeogenic only amino acid?

those that are not ketogenic or both glucoenogenic and ketogenic

What are ketogenic and gluconeogenic amino acids

PITT

what are ketogenic only amino acids?

lecuine lysine

how does acetyl co A get to the cytoplasm for fatty acid oxidation?

citrate shuttle