UWORLD Missed Questions (Bio and Biochem)

What does renin do?

vasoconstriction

smooth muscles are found in which parts of the body

those withautonoic control

why does vasodilation occur in hot temperatures

to give off excess heat from the body

how is salt transported out of the DCT in the kidney?

actively

How is water transported out of the kidney?

passivley

uridine is a…

nucleoside

The outer layers of human skin are composed of dead cells impregnated with keratin and oil, which make the epidermis relatively impermeable to water, yet humans sweat freely in hot temperatures. This occurs because:

sweat glands have special channels

bone growth occurs at the

ends of plates

where are striated muscles found?

heart

Where does glyocogenolysis and glycogen synsthesis occur?

liver

An increase in albumin in the bloodstream causes

tissue fluid to move into the bloodstream

While both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosomes, they differ in their

chemical composition

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes make ATP

atp synthase

natural selection relies on the idea of producing ______

offspring

selection against a species means that one species has more ________ than another species

fitness

if a physical strucutre is only present in males, does that mean that it necessarily has to be on the Y chromosome?

NO

where does the ETC occur in prokaryotes?

celle membrane

What does ADH do to increase blood pressure?

increasing filtration rate/promoting water reabsorption by increasing collecting duct permeability

the pairing of chromosomes in meiosis 1 in prophase 1 is known as _______

synapsis

What makes fungi different from eukaryotes?

they have mitochondria

At what stage in mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down

prophase

peptide hydrolysis is/isn’t thermodynamically favorable?

IS

What is unique about the Vmax/Km ratio for uncompetitive inhibiotors?

it is the same as without an inhibitor

What does heme look like (unbound)

When is heme relaxed?

when it is bound to oxygen

T/F: the skeletal muscles have high levels of glucose-6-phosphatase.

F

does glycogenolysis use ATP?

NO

branched chain amino acids only contain ______ atoms on their chains

carbon

nerve synapses that have leakage of Cl channels will have a harder time causing,,,

hyperpolarization

What is the way to increase accuracy in experiments?

reduce confounding variables

lipid rafts are rich in (type of lipid)

sterols

are lipid rafts regions of high or low order?

high order

uncompetitive inhibitors decrease Km and Vmax by the

same factor

Will peptide hydrolysis occur without an enzyme?

no, it is not kinetically favorable

At what stage in mitosis do chromosomes condense

prophase

at what stage in mitosis does the nuclear envelope redevelop

telophase

enzymes and antibodies interact with their substrates covalently or noncovalently

noncovalently

list the stages of embryonic formation

fertilization, morula, blastula, gastrulation, nervation

sencnecese is the process by which cells aquire______ over time

mutations

the power stroke occurs only after…

phosphate leaves from ADP

The low energy posiution of myosin is when it is bonded to ______ wherase the high energy position of myosin is when it is bonded to ______

ATP, ADP and Pi

reflexes may utilize the CNS. PNS, or BOTH?

BOTH

What is kcat representative of?

turnover

ideal gases occupy how much space per mole?

22.4 L

When is blood flow not heard in a blood pressure cuff for systole?

when the pressure of the cuff is GREATER than the systole

second ionization enerfgy decreases as the atom radius ________

increases

is ammonia an acid or a base?

base

When fluid flows across a consitrcited area, the _______ decreases and the _________ increases

pressure, velocity

What is the alpha phophate of ATP

the one directly bonded to the ribose sugar

What is the gamma phosphate of ATP

the one furthest from the ribse sugar

Where are secretory proteins made?

rough ER

alpha helicies are hydrophilic/hydrophobic on the otuside and hydrophilic/hydrophobic on the inside

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

After nutrients is absorbed from the small intestine, it goes to the

liver

Where in the male reproductive system do gametes become mobile for fertilization?

epididymis

What releases alkaline fluid in the male repeoducitve system?

prostate gland

immature (not motile) sperm are found in the….

testes

centromeres are made of heterochromatin or euchromatin

heterochromatin

Where do all microtubules within a cell orgiinate from?

centrosome

atoms with bthe highest ionization energy are usually

noble gases

process by which pi electrons of aromatic compounds stack upon eachother

pi stacking

Why is ammonia a better base than water

ammonia is less electronegative so it can make a bond with hydrgoen easier

in hcemistry, the number of atoms an atom is bonded to is known as the…

coordination number

What causes secondary stercutre in proteins?

interactions between carbonxyl oxygen and the amide proteins

batteries use what type of energy?

chemical

energy will dissapate as ______ from a resistor

heat

in circuits, out of R,V,C, and I, what go together in series?

R and V

what causes tertiary strcutre of a protein?

hydrophobic and hydrophlic interactions

the ________-_________ system is used to degradew proteins

ubiquitin proteasome

ubiquitin is a molecular (clothing)

tag

proteasomes sense ___________ tags and will function similar to _________

ubiquitin, lysosozome

trypotphan absorbs most strongly at what wavelength

280

the time it takes for half of the radioactive nuceli to decay into daughter nuclei is known as

half life

on a lineweaver burk plot a decrease in line slope and a leftward shift of the x-intercept indicates that

Km went down

prokaryotic dna is single stranded/double stranded

double stranded

List the steps of muscle contraction

calcium binds to troponin, myosin head binds, ADP switches with ATP, myosin head pulls back, ATP is swapped for ADP

conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvate makes…

2 ATP and 2 NADH

to build glucose, amino acids can be converted to _______ via (chemical reaction)

pyruvate, deamination

Which muslce type tends to have more mitochondria?

type 1 (slow twitch)

sarcomere length can generate the most contractile force when it

looks like a normal sarcomere

Which amino acids can readily interact wit water? how many pKas are there in each of them

REDCHYK, 3

the amount of a cleaved enzyme does NOT depend on the amount it is (think writing)

transcribed

what do chondrocytes make?

cartilage

How is bone made?

chondrocytes make collagen which attaches to phosphate groups to form bone

what bias occurs to attibuting bad behaviro due to external factors

actor-observer

people' whose right visual cortex is messed up can’t see out of their ______ eye

left

flase concnousness occurs when individuals of lower classes blame __________; class concnousness occurs when lower classes blame __________

themselves, society

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is used to convert

pyruvate to aceytl co A

when looking at the strenght of a DNA/RNA molecule, observe the

G-C bonds

microTUBULes are made of

tubulin

T/F: Skeletal muscles engage autonomic neurons

F

after AcTH enters the muscle, the nerve impulse goes to…

t tubules

What are thin filaments made of

actin

What are thin filaments surrounded by?

troponin and tropomyosin

What is the function of troponin and tropomyosin

block myosin

Myosin will pull Actin only when

ATP is converted to ADP

When ATP is attached to myosin, there is/is not contraction

is not

what gene controls sex determination

SRY

how many caerbons does pyruvate have

3

how many carbons does acetyl co A have

2