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What does renin do?
vasoconstriction
Proline and glycine are found on the ______ of alpha helices
linker
__________ happens when bacteria transfer genetic material from one to the other
conjugation
Which amino acid is Q
glutamine
Which amino acid is D
aspartic acid
Which amino acid is N
asparagine
the cortical reaction prevents _______ _______ from fertiziling the egg
many sperm
_______ is the transfer of genetic information via a bacteriophage
transduction
a viroid is made of
RNA
horomones secreted in the posterior pituitary are made in the …
hypothalamus
During etc, ATP is made in the ________ of the mitochondria
matrix
hydrostatic pressure pushes things into/out of vessels
out of
osmotic pressure pushes things into/out of vessels
out of
Which cells promote cytotoxic t cell activation an proliferation
helper T cells
What cells promote B cell activation and proliferation
helper t cells
What cells enhance activtiy of macrophages
helper T cells
T cells gtarget infected cells using the ____ displayed in infected cells
MHC
from right to left, the OH groups in galactose go
down, up, up
from right to left, the OH groups in glucose go
down Up down
IN NORMAL thin-layer chormatography, the stationary phase is
non polar
In reverse HPLC, the stationary phase is
nonpolar
Charles law describes the relationship between
volume and temperature
Boyle’s law describes the relationship between
pressure and volume
during the q cycle ____ is reduced to ________
ubiquinone ubiquinol
When cytochrome c has electrons on it, it is reduced/oxidized?
reduced
without electrons flowing into it, cytochrome C is naturally oxidized ore reduced?
oxidized
dipole meoment increases with
electronegativity
Increased concentration of ________ from the intestinal lumen causes there to be increased secretion of H2O from nearby capillaries, resulting in dehydration
chloride ions
Select the intermediate used in the conversion of oxaloacetate to citrate
B
What is the product of the aldol reaction?
A
Tollen’s test detects __________ sugars
reducing
What carbonyl protecting group was formed?
acetal
What is the name of this chemical group?
acetyl
The enzyme ______ _______ is used to help transcribe cDNA
reverse transcriptase
if an exonuclease has 3’-5’ activity, it will add neucltoides to the growing ____ strand
3’
if an exonuclease has 5’-3’ activity, it will add neucltoides to the growing ____ strand
5’
An experiment may be repeated multiple times to ensure that results are ________
precise
a reducing sugar contains an OH on the ____ carbon
anomeric
triglycerides are found exclusivley in
adipocytes
if a lipid begins in the prefix “phosphotidyl-” it is a
glycerophospholipid
when pH equals pI, the protein is neutralized, causing an increase in ______ and a decrease in ______
solubility, aggregation
What are the two intermediates with chiral centers of the citric cycle?
D-isocitrate and L-malate
What is the cintermediate between citrate and isocitrate
cis-aconitate
exonucleases remove _______ at the ____ of DNA
Nucleotides end
a lower Kd means tighter/losser binding
tighter
due to the proton radient, the mitochondrial matrix tends to be really acidic/alkaline
alkaline
ion exhcange chromatogrpahy primarily relies on high/low salt concentrations
LOW
T/F: protein aggregation tends to occur when pH = pI
T
a protein is more/less stable when pH = pI?
less
Electrons flow from cytochromes starting from ____ to _____ potential
low to high
What does E’ stand for
reduction potential
what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose
ribose has an OH on 2’ carbon
How many hydrogen bond donors do each of the nucleotides contain in order from ATCG
1,1,1,2
How many hydrogen bond donors do each of the nucleotides contain in order from ATCG
1, 1, 2, 1
What do siRNA do
decrease protein translation by degrading mRNA
numbering of cyclic strucutres begins with the…
anomeric carbon
Name this compound
2-bromo-N-(2-methylphenyl) propanamide
What does gastrin do
regulate the secretion of HCL from the parietal cells
What does anigiotensin II do
vasoconstriction
Bile is synthesized where?
liver
_______ serves as a resivoir of bile
gallbladder
acidic environments will cause molecules to become protonated or deptoronated
protonated
Muscle for digestion located between esp[hagus and stomach
cardiac sphincter
cecum, colon, rectum
parts of large intestine
the stomach leads into the duodenum/jejunum
duodenum
sphincter located between stomach and duodenum
pyloric sphincter
after the duodenum comes the….
jejunum
G cells secrete…
gastrin
parietal cells secrete (two things)
HCL and intrinsic factor
mucous cells secrete
mucous
chief cells secrete (two things)
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
How is Multiple sclerosis caused
immune cells attack myelin sheath
How is huntington’s disease caused
It is a genetic disease that causes neuronal cell loss
How is Alzheimer’s formed
toxic plaques and neurofibil tangles
Afferent nueons carry information from the
body to the brain
Efferent neurons carry information from the
brain to the body
both afferent and efferent neurons carry signals via white/gray matter
white
What is the box in red?
terminal
What is the box in red
axon
What is the box in red?
synapse
What si the box in red?
dendrites
What is the box in red?
Soma
What types of molecules can pass without active transport through the blood brain barrier?
hydrophobic molecules and small ions
Name types of connective tissue
blood, bone, fat
Name the types of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
name the tyoes of epithelial tissue
skin and lining of organs
Name the types of muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which type of cooperativity is in the red box?
positive cooperatively
Which type of cooperativity is in the red box?
No cooperatively
Which type of cooperativity is lcoated in the red box?
negative cooperativity
Positive cooperativity will make what curve shape
sigmoidal
What cdoes the Michaelis constant tell us (Km)
the substrate concentration at which an enzyme’s reaction rate is ½ of it’s maximum velocity
what does the value of kcat/Km tell us?
catalytic efficiency
do peptide bonds have free rotation?
no they do not
peptide bond hybridization
sp²
how do disulfide bonds form
cysteine residues are oxidized
disulfide bonds formw hen cysteine residues are
oxidized
the environment of the cystosol is oxiziding or reducing
reducing
the environment of the endopl;asmic reticulum is oxidizng or reducing
oxidizing