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Administrator

The chief executive who focuses on the overall organization, mission, resources, and external relationships. Ex: Police Chief, Parole Officer.

Manager

Oversees functions within an organization; above a supervisor but below an administrator. Ex: Prison Warden, Assistant Chief.

Supervisor

Manages staff/lower-level workers, reports to managers. Ex: Sergeant, Lieutenant.

What are the three main parts of the criminal justice system?

Police (arrest), Courts (sentence/judge guilt), Corrections (jails/prisons).

What happens if someone is arrested in the criminal justice process?

They move through the vertical process (police → courts → corrections). If not arrested, they are released.

What are common goals of the criminal justice process?

Deliver justice, secure communities, restore victims, reduce crime rates, reduce recidivism.

What is the criminal justice network view?

Police, courts, and corrections share similar goals and cooperate but still operate independently.

What is the non-system view in criminal justice?

Police, courts, and corrections work in isolation and are fragmented.

What is the legal basis of forming U.S. government?

The U.S. Constitution – establishes structure, powers, and limits of government; creates 3 branches; defines checks and balances; includes the Bill of Rights.

What does the due process model emphasize?

Protecting individual rights, presumption of innocence, fairness, constitutional protections, exclusionary rule, fair trial.

What does the crime control model emphasize?

Suppressing crime, efficiency, presumption of guilt, plea bargaining, police powers, tougher sentencing, public safety.

Difference between public and private sector jobs in criminal justice?

Public: government-funded, focused on service (police, courts, social work), rewards are intrinsic.
Private: profit-focused (paralegal, private security), rewards are extrinsic (bonuses, perks).

What is planned change in criminal justice?

A process including problem analysis, setting goals, designing policies, creating action plans, and evaluation.

What is a policy?

A formal plan created to address problems; must be planned to avoid failure.

What is Scientific Management?

Focus on efficiency, structure, routines, supervision. Common in police and corrections.

What is Human Relations Management?

Focus on employee morale, teamwork, relationships (probation, community policing).

What is Systems Management?

Views organization as interconnected; emphasizes strategic planning and adaptability.

What are the six elements of the communication process?

Encoding (creating message), Transmission (sending), Medium (channel), Reception (receiving), Decoding (understanding), Feedback (response).

Define Leadership.

Influencing and working with groups to achieve goals.

Define Bureaucracy.

Structured organization with rules, hierarchy, division of labor, and expertise.

Define Organization.

A coordinated social entity with boundaries, operating continuously to achieve goals.

Who developed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow.

What are Maslow’s five needs?

Physiological (basic needs), Safety, Belonging/Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization.

Why do organizations have written rules, policies, and procedures?

To ensure administrative due process, reduce civil liability, and meet accreditation standards.

What is Trait Theory of leadership?

Good leaders have certain personal traits that poor leaders lack.

What is Style Theory of leadership?

Focuses on what leaders do: task-related and relationship-related behaviors.

What are the three style theories?

1) Leaders must give task direction.
2) Less supervision → higher production.
3) Leaders should be employee-oriented.

Characteristics of Generation Y / Millennials?

Team-oriented, raised with self-esteem focus, tech-savvy.

Challenges in managing Millennials?

Recruiting, training, retaining, adapting leadership styles, body art, technology use.

What is “span of control”?

Number of subordinates a manager can supervise effectively (recommended ~5, wide spans 15–20).

What is “unity of command”?

One person should be in command of each situation/employee.

What is the Fair Labor Standards Act?

Established minimum wage and overtime rules.

What is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964)?

Prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or nationality.

What is the Equal Pay Act?

Prohibits sex-based wage discrimination.

What is the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978)?

Prohibits unequal treatment due to pregnancy/medical conditions.

What is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)?

Prohibits discrimination against employees 40+ in hiring, firing, or benefits.

Three issues firearm policies address?

Safeguarding weapons, carrying guidelines, firing limitations.

Three controversial issues in drug testing?

Testing without cause, reliability of tests, whether positive proves impairment.

What is the Police Officer Bill of Rights (POBR)?

Ensures due process for peace officers under investigation.

Three common POBR provisions?

Written notice, right to representation, refusal of polygraph unless complainant also tested.

What is workplace harassment?

Unwelcome conduct based on protected categories (race, sex, age, disability, etc.). Includes slurs, sexual advances, offensive jokes, intimidation.

What is affirmative action?

Policies favoring historically discriminated groups in jobs/education.

What is reverse discrimination?

Claim that affirmative action treats majority groups unfairly. Ex: Bakke v. Regents of UC.

What is FMLA?

Family and Medical Leave Act (1993) – allows eligible employees up to 12 weeks unpaid leave for family/medical reasons.

What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

1990 law protecting qualified individuals with disabilities from discrimination.

Why is the criminal justice system considered a true system?

Because police, courts, and corrections share goals (justice, lower crime, reduce recidivism) and must communicate to function effectively.