AP Psychology Unit Seven Part 2 Vocabulary

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis

Originally a medical doctor and found that his patients were suffering from an illness with psycho-logical causes

This led him to develop theories of the unconscious mind, psycho-sexual development and Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychologist: Sigmund Freud

Behavior is due to unconscious motives and conflicts

Early childhood experiences determine personality

Unconscious Mind

-foundation for the psychoanalytic theory

-controls the phenomena of repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits and automatic reactions as well as possibly holding emotional complexes, phobias and desires.

Id

located in the unconscious

present at birth

Ruled by the "Pleasure Principle" and has no values, morality, or logic (animal instincts)

Ego

located in both conscious, & unconscious

Developed after birth, the self

Ruled by the "Reality Principle" and balances the id and superego by being organized, rational, and postponing gratification

SuperEgo

located in both conscious, & unconscious

developed by age 5

Ruled by the "Morality Principle" and is the opposite of the Id because it is the internal, parental voice with rules and values

Free Association

A technique used to access the unconscious

patient freely exposes his/her ideas, impressions, etc.

Freudian Slips

Slips of the tongue that expose the unconscious

Psychosexual Development

- sequential and discontinuous stages with changing erogenous zone and conflict in each stage

if conflict is not successful resolved, the result is fixation

O.A.P.L.G (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital)

Oral stage

Age: 0-1

Erogenous Zone: Mouth

Task: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc)

Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating

Anal stage

Age: 1-3

Erogenous Zone: Anus

Task: Potty Training

Fixation: Anal retentive or Anal Expulsive

Latency stage

Age: 6 to puberty

Erogenous Zone: None

Task: develop relationships with same sex peers to strengthen gender identity

Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage

Phallic stage

Age: 3-5

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Task: Gender Identity

Fixation: Narcissism, Homosexuality

Genital stage

Age: Puberty to death

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Task: Find a hetero-sexual relationship

Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage but old conflicts will arise

Penis Envy

Freudian theory that girls become upset and scarred because because they don't have a penis and a penis is a key to being successful. Phallic Stage

Electra Complex

girls sexually desire dad and hate mom but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity

Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development

Oedipus Complex

boys sexually desire mom and hate dad but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity

Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development

Defense mechanisms

- extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distinct reality

- not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors

Neo-Freudians

Jung, Horney, Adler

Believed that Freud put too much emphasis on sex and there needed to be more emphasis on social factors

Collective unconscious

Psychologist: Carl Jung

Defined: A warehouse of "instinctive memories" passed down to each generation and all humans share
and is made up of archetypes

Archetypes

Defined: Inherited universal concepts that create the Collective Unconscious

Examples: Anima v. Animus, Mother v. Father, Persona v. Shadow, Hero v. Villain

Basic Anxiety

Psychologist: Karen Horney

anxiety that is created by being born helpless.

Most overcome this, those who don't develop neurotic personalities- aggressive, compliant, or withdrawn

Womb envy

Psychologist: Karen Horney

Defined:
women do not suffer from "penis envy" but are envious of male's superior status.

Men are envious of a women's ability to have children and therefore, they compensate with other forms of achievement.

Inferiority Complex

Psychologist: Alfred Adler

Defined: people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior.

Projective Tests

Description: Provide ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics

Strengths: Provide lots of information

Weaknesses: highly subjective and has low reliability

Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Draw a Person test

Rorschach Inkblot Test

seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots.

Critics question the validity and reliability of the tests.

Thematic Apperception Test

people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them.

Presumably, their accounts reflect their interests and inner feelings.

Humanistic Psychologists

Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

Description: People develop their personality by trying to reach their full potential

Strengths: model was built in a therapy setting

Weaknesses: concepts are vague and subjective, individualistic and western based and naive because it fails to appreciate the reality of our capacity for evil

Self-Concept

Psychologist: Carl Rogers

Goal: Actualizing Tendency (full potential)

Theory: A person has who they are, Real Self, and who they want to be, Ideal Self and a successful persoanlity has congruence

People need genuineness (honesty), unconditional positive regard (love), and empathy (understanding) to develop a good persoanlity

Congruence

A person's Real Self and Ideal Self can merge together

Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory

Incongruence

When a person's Real Self and Ideal self do not match, causing anxiety.

Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory

Unconditional positive regard

Defined: receiving acceptance, value, and love from others without requirements

Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality

Empathy

People will try to understand one's feelings and mirror it back to them

Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality

Hierarchy of Needs

Psychologist: Abraham Maslow

Description: Pyramid

Trait Theories

Description: focuses on identifying how people typically behave but does NOT explain how personality developed

Strengths: based on empirical evidence with factor analysis

Weaknesses: people might behave differently based on the situation they are experiencing

Tests: 16 Personality Factors (16 PF), 3 Dimensions, and Myers Briggs

Factor analysis

- a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions

-used with trait theories

Self-Report Inventories

Description: a questionnaire which is used to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Strengths: empirically derived

Weaknesses: social desirability-people can lie and manipulate the information

Tests: MMPI, CPI, 16 PF

MMPI

Most extensively researched personality inventory.

Used to assess mental health professions (police, nurses, doctors, pilots)

Big Five Trait Theory

Psychologists: McCrae and Costa

Description: OCEAN or CANOE

Significance: traits are stable in adulthood, heritability accounts for 50% of personality and can be used to predict other personal attributes

Openess

characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests

Conscientiousness

include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors.

Extraversion

characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressivenes

Agreeableness

includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection and other pro-social behaviors.

Neuroticism

characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability

Social Cognitive Approach to Personality

Description: Personality is influenced between the interaction of a person's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Strengths: based on empirical evidence

Weaknesses: minimizes the importance of one's inner traits, emotions, and unconscious motives

Examples: Reciprocal Determinism, Locus of Control

Psychologists: Bandura

Reciprocal determinism

Psychologist: Bandura

Defined: Personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

How it works: Everyone has a "self-system" of skills abilities and attitudes

Self-Efficacy is what can change the system

External Locus of Control

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Effects: Pessimism and often learned helplesses

Internal Locus of Control

The perception that you control your own fate

Effects: Optimism

Optimism leads to longer lives with less illnesses but excessive optimism can also lead us to be blind to risks and overconfidence

Self- efficacy

Defined: the belief in your own ability to deal with different situations and accomplish specific goals

It is NOT self esteem which is your general sense of self worth

Consequences: people with high self-efficacy are able to succeed because they have an internal locus of control

Compensation

Defense Mechanism where people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area by striving to be superior in another area

Major part of Alfred Adler's theory