BOARDS week #1 slides

What is the size of the heart?

Closed fist

The heart is located slightly to the left of the midline in the thoracic cavity? T/F

True

The heart umps blood through how many miles of blood vessels in the body?

60,000

The apical impulse is made from the apex of what ventricle poking into the anterior thoracic wall?

Left

The apical impulse is located in what intercostal space at or just inside the midclavicular line?

5th

The average adult heart rate is?

80 bpm

A baby's heart beats at around?

125 bmp

The female heart beat about how many beat faster than a males?

8 beats

The heart is said to be derived from the?

Splanchnic lateral plater mesoderm

The formation of the heart is the cardiogenic field and starts developing between the?

Ectoderm and the endoderm

The cardiogenic fields are derived from what which push through the primitive streak, become mesenchymal, and move cranially?

Modified epiblast cells

Cardiogenic fields are soon pushed ventrally as what splits and become located in the splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm?

Lateral plate mesoderm

Heart cells start beating in the embryo at?

Week 4

Every 10 beats the heart ejects how much blood?

1 quart

How many gallons of blood does the heart pump per day?

2000

The heart pumps about how many times in a lifetime?

3 billion

What is the leading cause of death for humans?

Heart disease

One person dies every 37 seconds in the US from?

Cardiovascular disease

Heart disease is the number one cause of human death since?

1950

What are the 5 risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

-atherosclerosis

-hypertension

-diabetes

-smoking

-obesity

Because of pressure differences, blood pours into the atria first through the?

-superior and inferior vena cava

-pulmonary veins

-as well as the coronary sinus

The coronary sinus sits in the?

Coronary sulcus

Blood passes through the atria into the ventricle via?

Atrioventricular valves

When the ventricles contract it is called?

Ventricular systole

When ventricular systole ejects blood out of the ventricles through the?

Semilunar valves and into the great vessels and ascending aorta

What are the 2 great vessels?

-pulmonary trunk

-ascending aorta

Heart valves separate chambers from each other and from the?

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

The atrium ventricles are separated by what heart valves?

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves

The ventricles and great vessels are also separated by what valves?

Semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)

The eustachian valve is importing during fetal times for it guides blood into?

The foramen ovale

The thesbian valve can cover the opening to the?

Coronary sinus

The triangle of Koch has three border, what are they?

-tendon of todaro

-ostium of the coronary sinus sits

-base of the cusp of the tricuspid valve

Cardiac physiologists use the triangle of Koch to find the?

AV node

The pectinate muscle is mainly found on the lateral wall of the?

Right atrium and inside the right and left atrial appendage (auricle)

Where is the pectinate muscle not found?

Left atrium expect for the auricle

The crista terminalis contains atrial cardiomyocytes which tend to?

Depolarize quickly

The crista terminalis is a common site for what to occur?

Atrial arrhythmias

The hearts main function is to act as a pump and generates?

Hydrostatic pressure

The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the?

Lungs (pulmonary loop)

Left heart pumps oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body even the lungs? T/F

True

The heart delivers blood to its target structures via pipes called?

Arteries and veins

With each heart beat ventricular systole ejects a glob of blood out of the ventricles up and into the pulmonary artery/ascending aorta, what is the good of blood called?

Stroke volume

What is the ejection fraction?

EF = SV/EDV x 100

The heart is found in the thoracic cavity slightly to the left of the midsternal line, this region is called?

Precordial

The heart is contained with the?

Pericardial sac

The pericardium is made up of what three tissues?

-fibrous pericardium

-parietal layer of serous pericardium

-epicardium

The space between the two serous layers of the heart is called?

Pericardial cavity

The pericardial cavity normally contains about how many milliliters of serous fluid?

20

The mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity what 5 divisions?

-superior

-inferior

-anterior

-middle

-posterior

Upper border of the superior mediastinum is the?

Thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)

The lower border of the inferior mediastinum is the?

Thoracic outlet

The transverse line passes through what and separates the superior from inferior mediastinum?

Sternal angle of Louis and T4 disc

The hearts more exact location is in the?

Meddle mediastinum of the inferior mediastinum

The middle mediastinum contains what structures?

-heart

-pericardial sac

-origin of the great vessels

-nerves and small vessels

Thoracic outlet syndrome may occur where parts of what get compressed by various anolamous structures?

Brachial plexus and subclavian vessels

What part of the brachial plexus is compressed that causes thoracic outlet syndrome?

Lower portion (C8-T1)

The superior thoracic aperture boundaries are?

-anterior T1 vertebral body

-first rib and costal cartilage

-manubrium

What key structures passes through the superior thoracic aperture?

-left common carotid artery

-left subclavian artery

-brachiocephalic trunk

-right and left brachiocephalic veins

-trachea/esophagus

-right and left vagus nerve

-right and left phrenic nerve

-sympathetic chains

What is the important aka for the Thoracic plane?

Plane of Ludwig

What is the plane of Ludwig?

Imaginary horizontal line that runs through the manubriosternal joint and through the inferior endplate of T4 vertebra

The plane of Ludwig separates the?

Superior from inferior mediastinum

The sternum is divided into what three parts?

-manubrium

-body

-xiphoid process

The joint between the manubrium and body is the?

Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle of Louis)

The sternal angle of Louis is always at the level of the?

Second rib costal cartilage

The 4 segments of the sternum are called?

Sternebrae

Ribs 1,3,4,5, and 6 connect independently to the body of the sternum via a single?

Costal facet

Rib 2 and 7 share a common connection via?

2 Demi facets

Which ribs only connect to the?

Sternum