SPTE 201 Exam 2

When did athletic participation in America begin?

Athletic participation predates the birth of the U.S. and the Constitution.

What countries influenced early American sports?

England (cricket, rugby), Germany (gymnastics), and France (fencing) shaped American sport.

What school hired the first full-time faculty coach and when?

Harvard University, 1864.

What effect did sport participation have in early 1900s schools?

Promoted discipline, teamwork, and pride but raised safety and professionalism concerns.

What are programmatic concerns in youth sport?

Overemphasis on winning, burnout, lack of trained coaches, and unequal access.

What are financial concerns in youth sport?

Rising costs, pay-to-play models, and barriers for low-income families.

What are legal concerns in youth sport?

Liability for injuries, background checks, and prevention of abuse or misconduct.

Which embraced organized play first—public or private schools?

Public schools.

What was the Progressive Movement?

A reform era promoting physical fitness, moral education, and organized play.

Describe women's role in sport from the 1920s to today.

Started with limited access; expanded after Title IX; now broad but still faces funding and equity gaps.

Who was Jerry Sandusky?

Former Penn State coach convicted of child sexual abuse; led to reforms in youth sport safety.

Difference between sandlot sport and organized sport?

Sandlot = informal, peer-run; Organized = adult-supervised with structure and leagues.

Why was sport participation significant during World War I?

Military training emphasized fitness, boosting popularity of sports in schools.

What organization oversees state championships and competitions?

NFHS (National Federation of State High School Associations).

What organization determines athlete eligibility at the high school level?

State athletic associations.

What organization promotes youth sport participation?

AAU (Amateur Athletic Union).

How did the AAU and states address sexual predator coaches?

Required background checks and stricter licensing standards.

What are current issues in youth sport?

Over-competition, early specialization, concussions, abuse, and lack of volunteers.

What are possible solutions to youth sport issues?

Coach education, safety focus, inclusive programs, and emphasis on fun and development.

What is a microcosm?

A small model of society; college sport reflects larger social issues like inequality and commercialization.

What is the myth about playing pro sports?

That most college athletes have a good chance to go pro—fewer than 2% actually do.

What was the first intercollegiate sporting event?

1852 rowing race between Harvard and Yale, sponsored by a railroad company.

Who initially administered college sport?

Students; first professional coach hired in the late 1800s.

What happened in 1905 regarding college football?

Deaths/injuries led Roosevelt to demand reform; NCAA formed in 1906.

How did women's participation in sport evolve?

From exclusion to equality after Title IX; major growth but funding disparities remain.

What are the differences between NCAA Divisions I, II, and III?

I: Scholarships and revenue; II: Some scholarships, balance focus; III: No scholarships, academics first.

What were the Carnegie Reports?

1929 studies exposing corruption, recruiting violations, and academic abuse in college sport.

What is Title IX?

1972 law banning sex discrimination in federally funded education and athletics.

Positive results of Title IX?

Increased female participation, scholarships, and opportunity.

Negative effects of Title IX?

Some men's programs cut to meet compliance; funding imbalances persist.

What was the focus of the Knight Commission?

Promoted academic integrity, financial transparency, and athlete welfare.

Who was Katherine Switzer?

First woman to legally run the Boston Marathon (1967); helped make women's marathon an Olympic event.

When did the NCAA split into divisions?

1973.

What was the first professional league?

The National League (Baseball), 1876.

Early National League policies?

No Sunday games, no alcohol, fixed schedules.

How have professional franchise values changed?

Average values exceed $1 billion; NFL franchises are highest overall.

What drives revenue in pro sports today?

Television contracts (e.g., two-thirds of NFL revenue).

What team is the exception to the no corporate ownership rule?

San Francisco 49ers.

What team is the exception to the no public ownership rule?

Green Bay Packers.

What does it mean for a league to be self-governed?

League makes and enforces its own rules internally.

What does it mean for a league to be corporate-governed?

Outside or corporate interests control league operations.

What is the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

1890 law prohibiting monopolies; MLB is exempt.

What was the Rozelle Rule?

Required compensation for player transfers; led to formation of NFL Players Association.

Who was Pete Rozelle?

NFL commissioner who pioneered revenue sharing and national TV deals.

Who was Curt Flood?

MLB player who challenged reserve clause; case led to free agency and the Curt Flood Act (1998).

What are commissioners responsible for?

Maintaining integrity, enforcing rules, managing media/labor issues.

What is collective bargaining?

Negotiation between players' unions and leagues for salaries, benefits, and working conditions.

When was the first players association formed?

1953 (MLBPA).

When did labor relations become a major force in pro sports?

1970s, with player activism and free agency battles.

What are league revenue sources?

TV rights, licensing, and sponsorship deals.

What are team revenue sources?

Ticket sales, concessions, local broadcasting, and merchandise.

What is an agent?

A representative who negotiates contracts, endorsements, and manages an athlete's career.

What roles do agents play?

Negotiator, marketer, PR manager, financial and legal advisor.

Who were some early sports agents?

C.C. "Cash and Carry" Pyle, John Montgomery Ward, and Mark McCormack.

Why was Ricky Williams' contract bad?

It was heavily incentive-based, causing major financial losses.

Do agents need to be attorneys?

No, but legal training helps with contracts and compliance.

How do agent fees differ?

3-5% on player contracts, 10-20% on endorsements and marketing.

What is NIL?

Name, Image, and Likeness rights that let college athletes earn income.

Do NIL laws vary by state?

Yes, they differ across states.

How does an agent become certified?

Apply to the league (e.g., NFLPA), pass exams, pay fees, and pass background checks.

What factors led to the growth of sports agents?

Rising salaries, complex contracts, media exposure, and global expansion.

What led to superagencies?

Mergers and the need for full-service athlete management.

Difference between small and large agencies?

Small: personal attention; Large: vast resources and networks.

Pros/cons of small agencies?

Pros: personal service; Cons: fewer resources.

Pros/cons of large agencies?

Pros: large reach and influence; Cons: less individual focus.

What are current issues in sports agency?

NIL regulation, conflicts of interest, athlete exploitation, and certification standards.