Chapter 14

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

The beginning of puberty, accompanied by biological, psychological, and social changes.

What are the three phases of adolescence?

1. Early Adolescence (11-12 to 14 years), 2. Middle Adolescence (14-16 years), 3. Late Adolescence (16-18 years).

What hormonal changes are associated with puberty?

Growth Hormone, Thyroxine, sex hormones, and Adrenarche.

What are the primary differences in body growth during puberty between boys and girls?

Girls develop more fat than boys, while boys develop more muscle than girls.

What are primary sexual characteristics?

The physical changes directly related to reproduction, such as the development of ovaries and testes.

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Physical changes that occur during puberty that are not directly related to reproduction, such as breast development in girls and facial hair in boys.

What is menarche?

The first occurrence of menstruation in girls.

What is spermarche?

The first occurrence of ejaculation in boys.

What brain developments occur during adolescence?

Increased processing speed of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, and neurons become more sensitive to excitatory neurotransmitters.

What is the psychological impact of puberty on adolescents?

Emotional changes, altered parent-child relationships, body image issues, and self-esteem concerns.

What health issues are common during adolescence?

Increased nutritional needs, eating disorders (Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder), injuries, and sexual health issues.

What are the leading causes of death among teenagers?

Firearms and car accidents.

What are some health issues related to sexual activity in adolescents?

Sexually-Transmitted Infections, adolescent pregnancy, and parenthood.

What substance-related issues are prevalent among adolescents?

Substance use and abuse.

What are the consequences of early puberty?

Impacts on body image and self-esteem.