A&P 2 Final

which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called

hormones

which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction

type of hormone

steroid hormones exert their action by

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

one of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

all of the above (polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria)

oxytocin

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

when it becomes necessary to enlist the fight or flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

epinephrine

the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is

aldosterone

a man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

the targets for PTH can be found in the

B and C (kidneys and bones)

aldosterone

production is greatly influenced by ACTH

a kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow is

erythropoietin

which hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids?

calcitonin

the major targets of growth hormone are

bones and skeletal muscles

how do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. this is accomplished through

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

leptin is secreted by

adipocytes

which of the following cell types produces insulin?

beta cells

what is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?

maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

An individual who is blood type AB negative can

donate to all blood types in moderate amounts

which of the following is a protective function of blood?

maintenance of body temperature

which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

fibrinolysis

a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristics of

pernicious anemia

platelets

thrombocytes; used in hemostasis

eosinophils

attacks parasitic worms

basophils

cells release histamine and heparin

lymphocyte

25% of white blood cells

monocyte

large phagocytic cell

neutrophils

makes up 60% of white blood cells

plasma

composed of 90% of water and 10% dissolved solutes

RBC

transports oxygen with the protein hemoglobin

the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to

pump blood with greater pressure

blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the

left atrium

small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the

papillary muscle

the source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the

coronary arteries

if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

decreased delivery of oxygen

the time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is

morning

which area of the heart receives blood from the systemic veins?

right atrium

during ventricular systole, the

AV valves are closed

exchange vessels are

capillaries

analysis of an ECG can reveal

the condition of the conducting system

the main pacemaker region of the heart is

in the wall of right atrium

the phase of the cardiac cycle during which each chamber contracts and pushes blood into an adjacent chamber is

systole

in terms of time, at rest one cardiac cycle lasts

<1 second

the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram occurs when

depolarization of the ventricles occurs

which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the

bone marrow

which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called

chemotaxis

the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the

cytotoxic cells

interferons

interfere with viral replication within cells

cancer cells and virus infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by

natural killer cells

which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction

allergic contact dermatitis

innate immune system defenses include

phagocytes

which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?

pancreas

which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

right lymphatic duct

the lymphatic capillaries are

more permeable than blood capillaries

lymph leaves a lymph node via

efferent lymphatic vessels

which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?

red blood cells

which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

transporting respiratory gases

the trachea

all of the above

the adenoids lie in the roof of the

nasopharynx

the pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

tension in the vocal cords

the order in which air passes through theses structures beginning at the trachea is

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

intrapulmonary pressure is the

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

which of the following determines lung compliance

alveolar surface tension

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by

diffusion

tidal volume is air

exchanged during normal breathing

which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

all are correct (sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes, serratus anterior)

pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

the most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

the chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called

digestion

from the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer.

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

chyme is produced in the

stomach

hydrochloric acid is secreted by ______ of the stomach

parietal cells

peristalsis is

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

pepsin is secreted by the

chief cells of the stomach

short chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

lipase

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.

serosa

the terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the

ileum

the function of the goblet cells is to

produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

the layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the

submucosa

which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It

is longer than the small intestine

amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest

starch

a full set of adult teeth has _______ teeth

32

bile is produced by the _____ but stored in the _______.

liver; gallbladder

the propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called

peristalsis

the process of swallowing is also known as

deglutition

which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver?

to add ammonia to the blood

the urinary system does all of the following except that it

excretes excess albumen molecules

urine is eliminated through the

urethra

each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the

rectum

Each of the following organ systesm excretes wasters to some degres, except the _____ system

endocrine

all of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are

covered by peritoneum