last unit for psych

Stress

The body and mind's response to challenges or demands.

Eustress

Positive stress that motivates or improves performance.

Distress

Negative stress that causes anxiety or discomfort.

Immune suppression

When stress weakens the immune system, making illness more likely.

Hypertension

Chronically high blood pressure.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Traumatic or stressful events experienced during childhood.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The body's three-stage response to long-term stress.

Alarm

The first stage of stress when the body prepares for fight-or-flight.

Resistance

The stage where the body tries to cope with ongoing stress.

Exhaustion

The stage when long-term stress drains the body's resources.

Tend-and-befriend theory

The idea that people respond to stress by seeking social support and protecting others.

Problem-focused coping

Reducing stress by solving the problem causing it.

Emotion-focused coping

Reducing stress by managing emotional reactions.

Positive psychology

Study of how people build happiness, strengths, and well-being.

Well-being

Overall happiness and satisfaction with life.

Subjective well-being

A person's personal evaluation of their happiness and life satisfaction.

Resilience

Ability to recover from stress or difficult experiences.

Positive emotions

Feelings such as joy, gratitude, and hope.

Psychological health

Mental and emotional well-being.

Gratitude

Feeling thankful and appreciative.

Signature strengths or virtues

Positive traits that represent a person's best qualities.

Wisdom

Ability to use knowledge and experience to make good decisions.

Courage

Strength to face fear or difficulty.

Humanity

Kindness, compassion, and caring for others.

Justice

Fairness and responsibility toward society.

Temperance

Self-control and moderation.

Transcendence

Appreciation for meaning, purpose, or something greater than oneself.

Posttraumatic growth

Positive personal change that can happen after a traumatic experience.

Dysfunction

Harmful disruption in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Distress

Emotional suffering experienced by a person.

Deviation from the social norm

Behavior that differs from what society considers acceptable.

Stigma

Negative attitudes or discrimination toward people with mental illness.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Handbook used by psychologists to diagnose mental disorders.

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

Global system used to classify diseases and disorders.

Eclectic approach

Using ideas from several psychological theories to explain or treat disorders.

Behavioral perspective

Explains disorders as learned behaviors.

Psychodynamic perspective

Explains disorders through unconscious conflicts.

Humanistic perspective

Focuses on personal growth and self-acceptance.

Cognitive perspective

Explains disorders through unhealthy thinking patterns.

Evolutionary perspective

Explains disorders through theories of survival and adaptation.

Sociocultural perspective

Explains disorders through social and cultural influences.

Biological perspective

Explains disorders through genetics, brain structure, and brain chemistry.

Biopsychosocial model

Explains disorders through biological, psychological, and social factors combined.

Diathesis-stress model

Mental disorders develop from a vulnerability combined with stressful life experiences.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Disorders that affect brain development and functioning.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Disorder involving inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Developmental disorder affecting communication and social interaction.

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

Severe disorders involving distorted thinking and perception.

Delusions

False beliefs held strongly despite evidence.

Hallucinations

Seeing or hearing things that are not actually present.

Disorganized thinking

Thoughts that are confused or illogical.

Disorganized speech

Speech that is difficult to understand or follow.

Word salad

Random or nonsensical mixing of words in speech.

Disorganized motor behavior

Unusual or unpredictable body movements.

Catatonia

Lack of movement or response to the environment.

Stupor

State of near unconsciousness or unresponsiveness.

Negative symptoms

Absence or reduction of normal behaviors or emotions.

Positive symptoms

Added behaviors such as hallucinations or delusions.

Flat affect

Lack of emotional expression.

Depressive disorders

Disorders characterized by persistent sadness or loss of interest.

Major depressive disorder

Severe depression that lasts for long periods.

Persistent depressive disorder

Long-lasting but milder depression.

Bipolar disorders

Disorders involving extreme mood swings between depression and mania.

Mania

Period of extreme energy, excitement, or irritability.

Bipolar I

Disorder involving severe manic episodes.

Bipolar II

Disorder involving less severe mania and major depression.

Anxiety disorders

Disorders involving excessive fear, worry, or nervousness.

Specific phobia

Intense fear of a specific object or situation.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape may be difficult.

Panic disorder

Disorder involving repeated unexpected panic attacks.

Ataque de nervios

Cultural syndrome involving intense emotional distress and panic-like symptoms.

Social anxiety disorder

Fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations.

Taijin Kyofusho

Cultural disorder involving fear of offending or embarrassing others.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Persistent and excessive worry about many different things.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Disorders involving intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Disorder involving unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions.

Dissociative disorders

Disorders involving disruptions in identity, memory, or consciousness.

Dissociative amnesia

Memory loss related to trauma or stress.

Fugue

Sudden travel or wandering with loss of memory about identity.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Disorder involving two or more distinct identities.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Disorder caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

Feeding and eating disorders

Disorders involving unhealthy eating behaviors.

Anorexia nervosa

Disorder involving extreme food restriction and fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia nervosa

Disorder involving binge eating followed by purging.

Personality disorders

Disorders involving long-term unhealthy personality patterns.

Cluster A

Personality disorders involving odd or eccentric behavior.

Paranoid personality disorder

Extreme distrust and suspicion of others.

Schizoid personality disorder

Lack of interest in social relationships.

Schizotypal personality disorder

Unusual beliefs, thinking, and behavior.

Cluster B

Personality disorders involving dramatic or emotional behavior.

Antisocial personality disorder

Disregard for others' rights and lack of remorse.

Borderline personality disorder

Instability in relationships, emotions, and self-image.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Excessive self-importance and need for admiration.

Histrionic personality disorder

Excessive attention-seeking behavior.

Cluster C

Personality disorders involving anxiety and fear.

Avoidant personality disorder

Extreme sensitivity to criticism or rejection.

Dependent personality disorder

Excessive need to be cared for by others.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Extreme focus on order, rules, and perfection.

Deinstitutionalization

Releasing patients from long-term mental hospitals into community care.