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Galen
Ancient Greek physician whose works heavily influenced medieval medicine.
Monasteries
Religious institutions that provided medical care and education during the Middle Ages.
Four Humours Theory
Belief that illness stemmed from an imbalance of blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
Hippocrates
Ancient Greek physician known as the 'Father of Medicine' whose works were rediscovered in medieval times.
Astrology
Belief that celestial bodies influence human health and were consulted for medical treatments.
Supernatural Treatments
Medical practices involving prayers, pilgrimages, and superstitious beliefs in curing illnesses.
Surgery Demand
Increased need for surgical procedures due to warfare in the Middle Ages.
Public Health
Lacked proper sanitation, leading to waste disposal issues and reliance on beer over water for health.
Black Death
Deadly pandemic in the 14th century spread by fleas, causing sudden death and quarantine measures.
Miasma
Belief that foul air caused diseases, leading to practices like burning herbs to purify the air.
Andreas Vesalius
Renaissance anatomist who challenged Galen's anatomical errors through dissections.
Ambroise Paré
Innovative battlefield surgeon who introduced ligatures and disproved traditional treatments.
William Harvey
Discovered blood circulation, distinguishing between arteries and veins, revolutionizing medical understanding.
Blood Groups
Discovered in 1901, crucial for successful blood transfusions.
Great Plague of 1665
Worst reoccurrence of the Black Death, with about 100,000 deaths in London.
Public Health Efforts
Included quarantine measures, mass burials, and realization of contagious diseases.
The Great Fire of London
In 1666, sterilized parts of London, killing plague bacteria.
Factors Affecting Medicine Progress
Printing press, church's weakening power, artists' medical drawings, renewed interest in ancient learning.
Edward Jenner
Introduced smallpox vaccination using cowpox, proving immunity.
Florence Nightingale
Revolutionized nursing, improved hygiene, and reduced death rates.
Mary Seacole
Self-financed nurse in Crimean War, built 'British Hotel,' and wrote an autobiography.
Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory
Disproved spontaneous generation, identified germs as cause of disease.
Robert Koch
Linked specific diseases to microbes, identified anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera causes.
Louis Pasteur - Chicken Cholera Vaccine
Accidental discovery of weakened cholera immunity in chickens.
Louis Pasteur - Anthrax Vaccine
Produced a weakened anthrax spore for sheep immunity.
Surgery Problems in 1800
Pain, infection, bleeding were major dangers due to lack of understanding of microbes.
Nitrous Oxide
Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, used as anesthesia in surgery.
Ether
Used by J.R. Liston during surgery, had unpleasant side effects.
Chloroform
Used by James Simpson for surgery, led to unexplained deaths.
Anaesthetics Opposition
Reasons include discomfort, belief in pain for healing, lack of understanding.
Queen Victoria
Accepted chloroform during childbirth, leading to anaesthetic acceptance.
Germ Theory
Surgeons didn't sterilize equipment before 1850s, leading to infections.
Joseph Lister
Introduced antiseptics, inspired by Pasteur's germ theory.
Aseptic Surgery
Lister's methods led to germ-free surgeries by late 1890s.
Public Health Problems
Poor conditions in towns led to disease spread in the 1800s.
Laissez-faire
Belief that the government should not interfere in public health.
Edwin Chadwick
Advocated for public health reforms in the 1800s.
1848 Public Health Act
Passed after cholera outbreak, encouraged local improvements.
John Snow
Linked cholera to water supply, leading to public health improvements.
Great Stink
1858 event prompting sewage system improvements in London.
Second Reform Act
1867 act granting working-class men voting rights.
1875 Public Health Act
Forced local authorities to provide clean water and proper drainage.
Louis Pasteur
Published germ theory in 1861, linking dirt to disease.
Working-class men
Gained the vote in 1867, influencing public health reforms.
Statistics publication
Government shared death rate data to prompt action in unhealthy towns.
Cholera outbreak
1865 outbreak led to action due to John Snow's findings on dirty water.
Public Health Act of 1875
Enforced sanitation, improved housing, and regulated food and education.
X-ray development
First confirmed in importance during WWI for bullet removal.
Blood transfusions
Karl Landsteiner's blood group discovery improved success rates.
Penicillin discovery
Fleming's chance finding led to the identification of penicillin.
Penicillin development
Florey and Chain's research led to mass production during WWII.
National Health Service
Introduced post-WWII, providing state healthcare from birth to death.
