Cardiovascular System

Mrs. Parker HN A&P. Questions 1-51: (study guide); questions 52-76 (jeopardy)

The cardiovascular system is a (blank) system of the (blank) and the (blank).

Closed; heart; blood vessels

The (blank) pumps the blood and the (blank) allow blood to flow to the parts of body.

Heart; blood vessels

The cardiovascular system consists of: (four answers)

Heart; arteries; veins; capillaries

2 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Deliver O2 to cells and tissues; Remove CO2 and other waste products from cells and tissues

What is the pericardium?

The double wall sac that surrounds the heart

The heart is made of 3 layers. List the layers and their functions.

Epicardium (visceral pericardium); myocardium (muscular middle layer); endocardium (endothelium, inner layer of the heart)

What are the receiving chambers of the heart?

Left and right atria

What are the discharging chambers of the heart?

Left and right ventricles

A (blank) divides the (blank) and (blank) on each side.

Septum; atria; ventricles

What does the AV valve do?

Ensures the blood only flows in one direction

The right AV valve (also called the blank) and left AV valve (also called the blank or mitral valve) have cusps to which (blank) (called “heart strings'“) attach.

Tricuspid; bicuspid; chordae tendineae

The (blank) and (blank) bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.

Superior vena cava; inferior vena cava

At the base of the (blank) leading to the lungs is the (blank), which prevents a return flow of blood to the ventricle.

Pulmonary trunk; pulmonary semilunar valve

The (blank) atrium receives blood from the (blank).

Left; pulmonary veins

The (blank) ventricle pumps blood into the entire body through the (blank).

Left; aorta

The aorta has an (blank) that prevents backflow of blood into the ventricle.

Aortic semilunar valve

What is pulmonary circulation?

When the blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back.

Blood low in oxygen returns to the right atrium via the vena cava and (blank).

Coronary sinus

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.

The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts, closing the tricuspid valve, and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs where it can rid itself of excess CO2 and pick up a new supply of O2. Freshly oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins. The left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts, closing the bicuspid valve and forcing open the aortic semilunar valve as blood enters the aorta for distribution to the body.

What is systemic circulation?

When blood flow is from the heart to the body and back

The cardiac cycle consists of the atria beating in unison (blank), followed by the contraction of both ventricles (blank). Then, the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment (blank).

Atrial systole; ventricular systole; diastole

What causes blood to flow from one chamber to the next?

Pressure of the blood on each of the chambers

The heart contracts by means of (blank) signals. The pacemaker of the heart is found in the right atrium and is known as the (blank).

Nodal (electrical); sinoatrial (SA) node

The impulse begins in the (blank) and causes the (blank) to contract together. It then travels to the (blank) which causes the atria to contract. The impulse then travels to the (blank). From the (previous answer), it is passed down to the (blank), to the (blank) and into the (blank). The signal is then sent to the (blank). The causes the ventricles to contract.

SA node; atria; atrial syncytium; atrioventricular (AV) node; AV bundle; bundle branches; Purkinje fibers; ventricular system

What is cardiac circulation?

The heart’s own nourishing circulatory system

Coronary arteries

Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Cardiac veins

Collect low O2 from the myocardium and empty it into the coronary sinus, which returns it to the right atrium

Coronary sinus

A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

The cardiac cycle refers to one complete (blank), which is typically (blank).

Heartbeat; ~75 bpm

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Stroke Volume (SV) x Heartbeat

What is cardiac output (C.O.)?

The amount of blood volume pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute.

The blood vessels include (blank), (blank) and (blank), and (blank) and (blank). They form a closed tube that carries blood away from the heart, to the cells, and back again.

Capillaries; veins and venules; arteries and arterioles

(blank) are strong elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood. (previous answer) become smaller as they divide and give rise to (blank).

Arteries; arterioles

The walls of arteries and veins consists of (blank), (blank) (smooth muscle), and (blank) (connective tissue).

Tunica intima; tunica media; tunica externa

Arteries are capable of (blank) and (blank).

Vasoconstriction; vasodilation

(blank) are the smallest vessels, consisting of only one layer (tunica intima) of endothelium, through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells.

Capillaries

(blank) can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed and are controlled by oxygen concentration in the area.

Precapillary sphincters

What happens if blood is needed elsewhere in the body?

The capillary beds in less important areas are shut down.

(blank) leading from capillaries merge to form (blank) that return blood to the heart.

Venules; veins

(blank) have the same three layers as arteries and have a flap-like valve inside to prevent backflow of blood.

Veins

What is blood pressure?

The force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system.

Usually the term “blood pressure” refers to (blank) pressure.

Arterial

Arterial blood pressure rises and falls following a pattern established by the (blank) cycle.

Cardiac

During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its highest: (blank).

Systolic pressure

When ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its lowest: (blank).

Diastolic pressure

The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a (blank).

Pulse/heartbeat

Blood pressure is normally (blank) proportional to the volume of blood within the cardiovascular system.

Directly

Blood pressure varies with (blank), (blank), and (blank).

Age; body size; gender

Many things can affect blood pressure, including the diameter of (blank), distance from the (blank), (blank), and (blank).

Blood vessels; heart; stress; exercise

(blank) refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaques), which can (blank).

Atherosclerosis; restrict blood flow

(blank) (sometimes called (blank) or (blank)), is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.

Hypertension; high blood pressure; arterial hypertension

Refers to one complete heartbeat

Cardiac cycle

Blockage of the “widow maker” artery often causes a fatal (blank).

Heart attack

Heart’s double walled sac

Pericardium

Large vein on the back of the heart that returns blood to the right atrium during cardiac circulation

Coronary sinus

Technical name for “Heart Strings”

Chordae tendineae

Large vein(s) that carries blood into the right atria

Superior and inferior vena cava

These blood vessels have valves

Veins

Middle layer of most blood vessels

Tunica media

The only time an artery will carry deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary artery

Primary blood vessels where exchange occurs

Capillary beds

Muscular middle layer of the heart

Myocardium

Discharging chamber to the lungs

Right ventricle

Discharging chamber to the aorta

Left ventricle

Receiving chamber after the blood is oxygenated in the lungs

Left atria

The “dub” in the heart’s “lub dub” is the closing of (blank).

Semilunar valves

Arteries branch off the aorta to nourish the heart with oxygenated blood during (blank).

Cardiac circulation

Arteries circulate blood (blank) from the heart into systemic circulation.

Away

Arteries that branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Coronary arteries

Arteries give rise to smaller, branching (blank).

Arterioles

The cavity of an artery and vein

Lumen

Average heart rate

~75 bpm

Another word for bicuspid valve

Mitral valve

When arterial pressure is at its highest due to ventricles contracting; the top number in blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure

The heart’s natural pacemaker

Sinoatrial (SA) node

System that sets the basic rhythm of the heart

Intrinsic conduction system