Cell Biology Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions related to cell biology as outlined in the lecture notes.

Differentiated cell types

Cells that arise from the same genome but have different forms and functions due to selective gene expression.

Central Dogma

The process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins, enabling cell replication.

Cell Theory

A fundamental concept in biology that states: 1) All living organisms are made of cells, 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function, 3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Light Microscopy

A technique that allows viewing of general cell structures, capable of examining live cells.

Electron Microscopy

A technique that provides high-resolution images of ultrastructure and organelles, but cannot view living cells due to vacuum conditions.

Natural Selection

The process through which individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce, promoting gradual evolution in species.

Mutation

Changes in the genetic material that contribute to genetic variability and evolution.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration, characterized by an inner membrane with folds (cristae).

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that capture light energy and convert it into glucose.

Lysosomes

Organelles that digest macromolecules and waste products within a cell.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Cytoskeleton

A network of filaments providing structural support, facilitating movement and division in cells.

Prokaryotes

Organisms without a nucleus, divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea, based on genetic and biochemical differences.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells that contain a nucleus, encompassing animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Transport Vesicles

Membrane-bound compartments that transport materials within the cell, involved in endocytosis and exocytosis.