unit 9

what was the impact of radio?

connected people across vast regions, served **as a propaganda tool**

what was the impact of cell phones?

enabled instant communication across the globe

what was the impact of internet

facilitated digital globalization & commerce

what was the impact of social media?

empowered political movements & cultural diffusion

globalization

growing interaction & connection between diff. parts of the world

what five transportation advances allowed people in the 20th century to move faster?

airplane, container ships, automobiles, trains, and public transit systems

list 2 examples of how social media transformed political activism

**the arab spring and black lives matter**

what was the Arab Spring?

mass protests in 2010-2012, Middle East bc. of dissatisfaction with authoritarian regimes and economics. many were organized and broadcasted via platforms like Facebook and Twitter.

how did social media changed public narratives in news and what did it lead to?

it allowed everyday citizens, not just govts or news agencies to shape pubic narratives → democratization of media

evangelical right

political and social movement in US that promoted and uphold conservative Christian values, algining itself with right-wing politics. significant role in shaping political disourse. *testament to advances in technology and communication*

what agricultural innovations were created in the **Green Revolution**

high-yield crops, synthetic fertilizers, mechanized irrigation, and GMO development

what was the result of high-yield crops

more food, less land.

what was the result of synthetic fertilizers

boosted soil productivity

what was the result of mechanized irrigation

enabled farming **in arid regions** (farming more accessible)

what was the result of GMO development

increased disease and drought resistance

what was the negative affects of the Green Revolution

environmental stability and dependency on multinational agribusiness

who made the Green Revolution and what did he get?

**Norman Borlaug**. Nobel Prize in reducing world hunger

what were the 5 key medical innovations of the 20-21st century?

vaccines, antibiotics, organ transplants, imaging technologies, and biotechnology

list one specific example of vaccines in the 21st century

smallpox eradication

list one specific example of imaging technologies in the 21st century

MRI scans

list two examples of biotechnology in the 21st century?

gene therapy and diagnostics evolving

what was a change in reproductive health in the 21st century?

women having more rights, access, and health over their fertility like in **birth control and family planning**

what are 2 examples of birth control

oral contraceptives (pills) & IUDs

where did international agencies focused on family planning?

LDCs, less developed countries

TFR (total fertility rates) have declined or rose and why in Western Europe

sharply declined bc. education and access to contraception

TFR (total fertility rates) have declined or rose and why in Sub-Saharan Africa

slower decline bc of limited healthcare acess

TFR (total fertility rates) have declined or rose and why in East Asia?

decline, and now population aging. bc. govt policies & cultural shifts

NIR and its significance

natural increase rate is difference between births and deaths over a specific period. shows population growth w o migrants

non-govt organizations (NGOs)

independent, non-profit orgs that aim to address social, political, environmental, or humanitarian issues

total fertiity rate (TFR)

estimates avg number of children a woman has in her reproductive yrs

USAID (united states agency for international development)

responsible for administering civil foreign aid and development assistance in developing countires, humanitarian aid for stability

list 2 pandemics/epidemics in the modern era

1918 Infuenza Pandemic & COVID-19

1918 Influenza Pandemic

occured during the final year of WWI, spreaded rapidly thru military bases and urban centers

what was the affect of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic

hand-washing campaigns, mask mandates, and school and public space closures

what was the affect of COVID 19 in relation to vaccines?

rapid **vaccine development** like in mRNA vaccines (Pfizer) and **adenovirus-based** vaccins (Johnson&Johnson)

H1N1 Flu

2009. swine flue, rapid spread globally and showcased complexities and challenges of managing infectious diseases thru a world that is increasingly connected

what is the global pattern in MDCs with diseases:

more chronic diseases cause most deaths

what is the global pattern in LDCs with diseases

more infectious/contagious diseases bc. limited healthcare, sanitation, and vaccines

walk me thru the HIV/AIDS crisis

**GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency)** → cause by HIV virus → developments of **ART** (antiretroviral therapy) & **PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)**

HIV causes

unprotected sex, blood transfusions, and shared needles

what is ART (antiretroviral therapy)

helps HIV being a fatal disease to a manageable chronic condition

what is PreEP and gimme an example

daily medication to prevent HIV transmission. like Thruvada

what region is most affected by HIV/AIDS

Sub-Saharan Afirca bc. limited acess to contraception and healthcare

what do NGOs and international programs focus on w diseases?

education, condom distribution and culturally appropriate outreach

how is malaria transmitted, what region is most affected, what type of country is it affected (MDC/LDC), what’s the treatment?

moquito-parasite transmission, Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia, LDC, and antiparasitic drugs

how is tuberculosis transmitted, what region is most affected, what type of country is it affected (MDC/LDC), what’s the treatment?

airborne (coughing and sneezing, Africa & Southeast Asia, LDC, antibiotics

how is cholera transmitted, what region is most affected, what type of country is it affected (MDC/LDC), what’s the treatment?

contaminated water/fluids, South Asia, Africa, Carribean, LDC, rehydration and antibiotics

what are the changes (new challenges) of aging populations?

new health challenges like **alzheimer’s and parkinson’s**

what emerged out of new innovations in relation to diseases?

emergence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity usually in MDCs

what are the 3 causes of life-style related diseases

caloric surplus, sedentry lifestyles, and processed diets

what were the 4 causes of environmental degradation

population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and globalization

what were the 3 causes of the Amazon Rainforest being deforested?

catttle ranching, logging, and soy bean farming

what are the 4 causes of desertification

overgrazying, soil erosion, deforestation, climate shifts

what are the 4 results for the greenhouse effect

rising global temps, melting glaciers and sea levels rising, ocean acidification, and more extreme weather events

what was the Kyoto Protocol (1997)

global treaty to reduce greenhouse gases, applied to developed nations

which countries withdrew from Kyoto Protocol?

US, China, and India. China & India being exempt bc. still developing countries

what was the Paris Agreement (2015) and its significance

goal to reduce emissisions, focused on keeping global warming below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. / marked turning point in international cooperation on climate

what was the Oil Pollution Act (1990)? what did it lead to

**Exxon Valdez oil spill** → this act. required oil companies to pay for environmental damages caused by spills. / better regulations and industry oversight

mega borg

significant advancement in technology characterized by integration of large-scale computing systems/interconnected networks, like AI and cloud computing

how is environmentalism not only scientific but political?

discussions based on economic development vs sustainability + env., etc.

what is the source of air pollution and its consequences

cars, factories, power plants. / respiratory diseases, smog, acid rain

what is the source of water pollution and its consequences

industrial waste, oil spills, and sewage. / contaminated drinking water, marine death

what is the source of soil pollution and its consequences

pesticides, deforestation, land fills / loss of fertile land and toxins in crops

whats one thing that pollution affects that isn’t the environment

the public health, esp in urban regions

what is **neoliberalism**

economic philosophy that was like free-market capitalism revamped; limited govt intervention, free markets, privitization, and regulation as a paht to economic growth

what caused neoliberalism?

economic stagnation of post-war era

who were the 2 economists who made neoliberalism and pushed it in western governance

Friedman and Hayek

what organization were most influenced by neoliberalism

IMF (international monetary fund) and World Bank

what pushed neoliberalism in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Asia

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). they were ec. reforms required by IMF & World Bank in exchange for loans

what did margaret thatcher (UK) do to promote ec. liberation?

Cut back social programs, privatized industries (e.g., coal, railways), reduced union power

what did ronald reagan (US) do to promote ec. liberation?

“reaganomics”. tax cuts for wealthy, deregulated finance and energy sectors

what did deng xiaoping (china) do to promote ec. liberation?

Introduced market reforms (e.g., Special Economic Zones), encouraged private enterprise

what did augusto pinochet (chile) do to promote ec. liberation?

Adopted “shock therapy” reforms advised by Chicago School economists, opened economy to foreign investment

what were the positive effects of neoliberal policies?

boosted foreign investment, stablized inflation (ex. Chile), economic growth, expanded middle-class consumer markets in developing nations

what were the negative effects of neoliberal policies

increased income inequality, weakened labor protections, underfunding of public health education and infrastrucutre, left some economies vulnrable to global financial shocks

what was a response of neoliberalism in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia?

protests bc. of unemployment or foreign control over local resources.

what was the change in job sectors in the 21st century

manufacturing being main job → information and services. post industrial ec

what did the post-industrial economy result in specifically

the Rust Belt in the mid-west. cities like Detriot and Cleavland suffered job losses

in East Asia (china and vietnam), what did they specialize in in industrialization

electronics, textiles, consumer goods

in South Asia (india and bangladesh), what did they specialize in in industrialization

garments, software services

in Latin Ameria (Mexico and Honduras), what did they specialize in in industrializaiton?

automotive parts, textiles

who were the Asian Tigers and what was their economy baesd on? / what did it do to the economy?

South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong. economy based on export-orientied industrialization. / lifted economies thru manufacturing and trade

list 4 examples of multinational corporations

Nestle, Nissaan, ExxonMobil, and McDonald’s

what was the cultural affect of economic globalization?

increase of western consumer culture throughout the world, posing a threat to local traditions

what was a continuity of trade since 1900?

continued exchange of goods and services

what’s a change in trade?

digital and service based trade intensified

what’s a continuity of labor?

cheap labor in poorer regions

whats a change of labor

rise of automation and AI reshaping job markets

what’s the change of production

shift from western industry to asian manufacturing dominance

what’s the change of consumption

increased focus on sustainability and ethical sourcing

what’s the continuity of consumption

continued demand for consumer goods

economic liberation

referring to process reducing govt restrictions and regulations in economy. associated w globalization bc. cuntries seek to integrate the global ec. by adopting market-oriented reforms

knowledge economy

economic system where creation, distribution, and use of knowledge plays central role in drivingecnnomy. invests in human capital

McDonaldization

refers to process of fast-food industry standardizing products across various domains. emphasizes efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control. they moreover infuence global consumer culture

what is the main change in trend on society and culture in 20th and 21st century

significant shift towards more inclusive and equitable global society

what document outlined fundamental human rights and freedoms?

**universal declaration of human rights**

what was established as the main judicial body for the UN?

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

what was one major activism that pushed for gender equality

global feminism like First International Women’s Day in 1911

**Civil Rights Act of 1964**

outlawed racial segregation in public places and employment discrimination in US

**Voting Rights Act of 1965**

aimed to eliminate voting discrimination in southern US, prohibited literacy tests and other discriminatory practices