Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 4, 5, 6

Tissues

a group of cells that perform a function

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

continous sheets/layers, lines cavities or covers organs, closely packed together, have a nerve supply, avascular, have an apical and basal surface, have a high capacity for renewal, go through mitosis rapidly

Functions of Epithelial tissue

protection, filtration, absorption, digestion, secretion, lubrication, transportation, reproduction, sensory reception, excretion

Three kinds of layers of the epithelial tissue

SImple, stratified, pseudostratified

Apical Surface

free surface or one open surface

Basal Surface

connected surface

Avascular

no direct blood supply

Simple Epithelial Tissue

one layer of epithelial cells

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

more than one layer of epithelial cells

Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue

one layer of Epithelial Tissue that looks like two, look slike nucleus over nucleus

Four Shapes of Epithelial Tissue

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

flat and thin epithelial tissue

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

square like epithelial tissue

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

elongated epithelial tissue

Transitional Epithelial Tissue

capable of strecthing, no set shape epithelial tissue

Gland

one cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or on top of surfaces

Two Type of Glandular Epithelium

Endocrine and Exocrine glands

Exocrine Glands

secrete their product onto body surfaces or into body cavities, ex. mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

Endocrine Glands

secrete hormones into cell surfaces, diffuses into the blood carrying through the body to specific organs ex. pituitary and thyroid glands

Two Structural Classifications of Glandular Epithelium

unicellular and multicellular

Three Functional Classifications of Glandular Epithelium

Holocrine, Merocrine, Apocrine

Sebaceous gland

Releases sebum that softens hair and skin, and is a bactericidal. Is not found in palms and soles.

Sebum

oil

Exocytosis

pinching off into vessicles

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

cells rarely touch each other, cells rarely have an apical surface, have a nerve supply, highly vascular, largely extracellular matrix.

Matrix is composed of what

solid, liquid gel

Functions of Connective Tissue

Supports and protects body organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves, some provide immunity

Three basic element of Connective Tissue

Cell, Ground substance, and Fibers

Three types of fibers in Connective Tissue

Collagen, Elastic, Reticular

Collagen Fibers

strong fibers found in connective tissue ex. ligaments and tendons

Elastic fibers

fibers that can be stretched in connective tissue ex. ear

Reticular Fibers

fibers that hold together or provide a shape, coated with collagen in connective tissue ex. spleen

Two main classification of connective tissue

Embryonic and mature connective tissues

Five Types of Mature Connective Tissue

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Three types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Areolar

loose connective tissue in the dermis/ forms the subcutaneous layer

Adipose

loose connective tissue composed of fat

Reticular Loose Connective Tissue Location

in the spleen

Dense Connective Tissue

well arranged mature connective tissue

Three types of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular, irregular, elastic

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

white, silvery tough, connective tissue ex. tendons

Dense Irregular Connective TIssue

thick sheets irregularly arranged connective tissue es. facia

Chondrocytes

produce cartilage

Three Types of cartilage

Hyaline, fibro-, elastic

Hyaline Cartilage

cartilage at the end of bones

Fibrocartilage

cartilage attached to bones that do not move ex. sutures

Elastic Cartilage

cartilage that can bend and stretch ex. ears

Bone

Osseous Connective Tissue

Osteoblasts

cells that make bone

Osteocytes

mature osteoblasts or bone cells

Blood

vascular tissue

Muscle tissue

long cells that look like fibers

Three types of muscle tissues

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Skeletal Muscle TIssue

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, nuclei at the side of the cell.( Looks like slabs of wood.)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

involuntary, striated, single nucleus in the center of the cell, arranged end to end, can self contract. ( Looks like string or stacked branches. )

Smooth Muscle Tissue

involuntary, not striated, single mucleus in the center of the cell, contracts together

Two Types of cells in the nervous tissue

Neuron and Neuroglia or glial cell

Neuron

cells that convert stimuli into nerve action potential and ends to other cells

Neuroglia

cells that produce neurotransmitters, phagocytic, produces myelin, produces cerebrospinal fluid, regulates ion flow

Neurotransmitters

chemicals that carry NAP from one cell to another. e.x. Calcium is a Neurotransmitter needed for muscle contraction.

Phagocytic

the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles

Myelin

coats and insulated neurons

Three main layers of the integumentary system

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous

Epidermis

top layer of skin, stratified squamous

Five Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

Stratum Corneum

25-30 cells thick, gives protection, dead keratinized epithelial cells

Stratum Lucidum

3-5 cells thick, found in the skin with no hair, ex. palms and soles of feet, dead keratinized epithelial cells

Stratum Granulosum

3-5 cells thick, dying epithelail cells, has granules

Stratum Spinosum

8-10 cells thick, pointed, dying epithelial cells

Stratum Basale

1 cell thick, living epithelial cells, skin stem cell, have keratinocytes and melanocytes

Keratinocytes

produce the fibrous protein keratin.

Melanocytes

produce the brown pigment melanin when struck by UV light.

Dermis

contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, areolar connective tissue, site of hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, arrector pili, nerve endings/receptors, and blood vessels

Fibroblasts

Spindle shaped cells that form connective tissue

Two Regions of dermis

Papillary and Reticular layer

CLGSBPRS of skin

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale, papillary, reticular, subcutaneous

Subcutaneous Region or layer

adipose tissue layer or region

Eight Functions of Integumentary System

Regulates Body Temp, protection, sensation, excretion, prevents dehydration, immunity, blood reservoir, begins synthesis of vitamin d in response to UV light

Regulation of Body Temperature

changes blood flow, blood send heat to skin releasing it, increasing blood flow relases more heat reducing temperature

Sweating

heat in liquid which evaporates and lets heat out

Goosebumps and Shivering

arrector pili pulls hair follicle making them stand up and pulls follicles back and forth creating friction.

Integumentary System Protection

H2O tight, germ proof, against UV light

Carotene

make orange tint

Melanin

make brown tint

Hemoglobin

makes red tint

Erythema

reddening of the skin

First Degree burn or frostbite

damages the surface of the epidermis

Second degree burn or frostbite

damages all of the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis

Third degree burn or frostbite

damages all of the epidermis, dermis, and possibly some of the underlying layer

Three steps of abrasion wound healing

blood clots, basal cells migrate laterally then upward, scab falls off

Four phase in deep wound healing

Inflammatory phase, Migratory phase, proliferation phase, and maturation phase. Usually caused by chemical burns.

Goblet cells

Creates Mucuse and is locatedin the Intestinal and respiratory tracts.

Merkel cells

Touch receptors associated with sensory nerve endings. (skin)

Papillary layer

Has capillaries that supplies nutrients and nerve endings to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature.

Areolar connective tissue

What is the specific tissue type of the papillary layer of the dermis?

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

composed of adipose. Anchors skin to underlying structures.

Sudoriferous (Sweat Glands)

Prevents overheating of the body.

Sebaceous Glands

Simple alveolar glands found all over the body.

Soften skin when stimulated by hormones.

Secrete an oily secretion called sebum.

Metabolic functions

Vitamin D synthesis in dermal blood vessels.

Basal cell carcinoma

Least malignant and most common skin cancer.

Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade dermis and hypodermis.

Slow growing and do not often metastasize.

Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases.