phs final review

How many chambers does the heart have?

4 chambers

Is the heart a muscle?

Yes

What prevents the backflow of blood?

Valves

What is the fluid portion of blood called?

Plasma

When blood leaves the left ventricle, what valve does it pass through?

Aortic valve

Which blood vessels connect arterioles to venules?

Capillaries

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

What is the purpose of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Fight infection and disease

When blood leaves the right atrium, it passes through which valve?

Tricuspid valve

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

What divides the heart into right and left sides?

Septum

What is the correct flow of blood through the body starting with the aorta?

Aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava → heart

Which blood vessels contain valves to prevent backflow?

Veins

What structures are located within the lungs?

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

What are the anterior nares also called?

Nostrils

What small hairs help entrap and sweep out dirt particles?

Cilia

What are the air sacs within the lungs called?

Alveoli

What is the large muscle under the chest cavity that pulls down to allow air to enter the lungs?

Diaphragm

The heart and lungs are found within which cavity?

Thoracic cavity

Where is air diffused into the bloodstream?

Alveoli

Which gas is exhaled in the largest quantity?

Carbon dioxide

What divides the nose into a right and left side?

Nasal septum

What causes hiccups?

Spasms of the diaphragm

What is the term used when there is no breathing?

Apnea

What is the term used for difficult or painful breathing?

Dyspnea

What is biological death, when irreversible brain damage occurs?

6–10 minutes after clinical death

The ovary is considered a what?

Gonad

What doctor delivers babies?

Obstetrician

Where is sperm produced in the male?

Seminiferous tubules within the testes

Where is sperm stored and matured?

Epididymis

Which structure carries urine from the bladder to the tip of the penis?

Urethra

What is the region of the penis removed during circumcision?

Prepuce

How often does ovulation (release of an egg) occur?

About every 28 days

What is the region of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina?

Cervix

What is the layer of the uterus where fertilized eggs implant?

Endometrium

What brings blood to the kidneys?

Renal artery

What is the outer layer of the kidney called?

Renal cortex

What is oliguria?

Scanty urination

What is painful or difficult urination called?

Dysuria

What is the presence of blood in urine called?

Hematuria

Why is the left kidney normally higher than the right kidney?

Because the liver pushes the right kidney lower

Which hormone from the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin

What is the initial site of blood filtration and urine formation?

Glomerulus/Bowman’s capsule

What is food called after being chewed and mixed with saliva?

Bolus

What is the circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach?

Cardiac sphincter

What are the fingerlike projections lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients?

Villi

Which part of the small intestine receives bile and pancreatic juices?

Duodenum

What is food converted to in the stomach?

Chyme

What is the surgical removal of the gallbladder called?

Cholecystectomy

What is the circular muscle between the stomach and small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter

Which glandular organ secretes bile?

Liver

What is fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone?

Ligament

What are air spaces in the skull for voice resonance called?

Sinuses

What are the soft spots in an infant’s skull called?

Fontanelles

What are parts of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

What is lateral curvature of the spine called?

Scoliosis

What is a hunchback or exaggerated thoracic curve called?

Kyphosis

What is an exaggerated lumbar curve called?

Lordosis

What is the condition where bones become less dense?

Osteoporosis

What is bone infection called?

Osteomyelitis

Which muscle type is voluntary?

Skeletal muscle

What is the tough sheetlike membrane covering muscles called?

Fascia

What is the movement of the leg away from the body’s midline called?

Abduction

What is the movement of straightening the lower leg from the upper leg called?

Extension

What is swinging the arm in a circle an example of?

Circumduction

Which muscle on the upper chest adducts and flexes the upper arm?

Pectoralis major

Which muscle extends from the ribs to the pubis and compresses the abdomen?

Rectus abdominis

What is elasticity in muscles?

The ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after stretching or contracting

What is excitability in muscles?

The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus (like a nerve impulse)

What is extensibility in muscles?

The ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended

What is a tendon?

A strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

What is muscle tone?

A state of partial muscle contraction that is normal even when the muscle is not in active use

Sebaceous gland is another name for

Oil gland

Sudoriferous gland is another name for

Sweat gland

What is the method of delivering medicine through the skin called

Transdermal

What is the brownish-black skin pigment called

Melanin

What is the absence of skin pigment called

Albinism

What are concentrated areas of melanin under the skin called

Macules

What is a reddened discoloration of the skin called

Erythema

What is a bluish discoloration of the skin called

Cyanosis

What is a yellowish discoloration of the skin called

Jaundice

What is a crust

Scab or dried pus/blood

What is a macule

Flat discolored spot

What is a papule

Raised solid area (pimple)

What is a wheal

Itchy, elevated area (hive, insect bite)