WHAP Period 3

Nationalism Definition and Effects

Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes pride in one's nation, leading to the desire for self-governance and independence.

In some countries, it led to the belief that one race is inherently superior to another, the desire for economic wealth, and a sense of religious duty.

Japan in East Asia Imperialism

Japan exerted nationalist pride into Korea, and that irritated China due to its own presence in Korea, leading to the Sino-Japanese war.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and racial superiority.
+ Phrenologists would use this scientific racism when studying human head sizes, citing African head sizes as smaller, and therefore stupider.

European Cultural Imperialism

Imposed culture, such as language, political structures, educational institutions, and architecture. They also imposed religion through missionaries with “civilizing motivations.” They also participated in humanitarian efforts like improving medical access, setting up secular schools, and ending illegal slave trade.

East India Company

Given a monopoly on British trading in India. Traded primarily in cotton, silk, spices, and indigo. It engaged in slave trade in the Indian Ocean and also illegally exported opium to China for tea.

Dutch East India Company

Monopoly on trade in parts of Indian Ocean, but were taken possession of by the government due to corruption and debt.

Imperialism in Africa (Continuity & Change)

Long standing relation b/c of slave trade. Traded guns and manufactured goods for natural resources like palm oil, along with minerals and diamonds later in the 19th century.

They expanded beyond trading posts and colonized certain countries using superior military technology and quinine, which allowed them to treat malaria.

Suez Canal

Funded by British investments, used coerced labor to build the canal such as corvee labor, unpaid labor to pay back taxes. Britain seized control of Egypt from the Ottomans.

Boer Wars

Conflicts between British and Afrikaner settlers in South Africa over control of territory and resources, notably gold and diamonds.

Led to creation of concentration camps, where many Africans and Afrikaners were killed due to lack of sanitation and starvation.

Ended with the British absorption of settler colonies

humanism

Intellectual movement emphasizing human potential and achievements. It laid the intellectual groundwork for the Enlightenment. Humanists championed reason, critical inquiry, and secularism, which encouraged individuals to challenge traditional authority.

John Locke and his ideas

inspired Enlightenment thinkers, advocating for natural rights and government by consent.

Tabula rasa, that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. stemmed from empiricism and challenged religion.

Baron de Montesquieu

French philosopher known for advocating the separation of powers along with checks and balances in government to prevent tyranny.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and philosopher known as the father of modern economics. He wrote 'The Wealth of Nations,' advocating for free markets and the principles of capitalism.

laisez-faire

an economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in markets, along with lowered tarrifs. advocated for free markets and set the stage for capitalism. allows the rules of supply and demand to dictate prices and production.

French Revolution causes

Social inequality, as shown in the three estates: the clergy, nobility, and commoners, along with economic hardship, food shortages, and Enlightenment ideas that inspired calls for equality and democracy.

National Assembly in France

The National Assembly was formed in 1789 by representatives of the Third Estate during the French Revolution, asserting their right to create laws and represent the people, leading to significant political changes in France.

Reign of Terror

a period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political repression, widespread executions of perceived enemies, such as royalists and counter-revolutionaries.

Haitian Revolution

Led by L’Ouverture, the Haitian Revolution was a successful slave revolt against French colonial rule that resulted in Haiti's independence in 1804.

Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and other revolutions such as the French revolution

Trade embargoes from France and the U.S following the war hindered their economy along with reparations made out to France.

Latin American Revolutions

Led by Simon Bolivar, and were inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Prompted by the inequalities between peninsualres and creoles, such as the Spanish giving more privileges to the peninsualres.

Growing sense of nationalism between Latin Americans due to growing culture and distance from Spain.

Inventions that helped Industrial Revolution

Water frame

Spinning Jenny

Steam Engine

Crop Rotation

Seed Drill

Interchangeable Parts

Specialization of Labor

Causes of industrial revolution in Britain

Access to ports

Increased accumulation of capital

Distribution of natural resources like timber, coal, and iron.

Rise of capitalism and laisez-faire ideas

Agricultural revolution

Increased urbanization

Increased imperialism for natural materials and markets

monopolies

Exclusive control over a commodity or service, often resulting in higher prices and reduced competition.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century led by Mahmud II aimed at modernization and modernization of the state, including legal and educational changes based on secularization and European models.

100 days of reform

A period of rapid reforms in China initiated by the Guangxu Emperor in 1898, aimed at modernizing the country in response to foreign pressures, including changes in education, military, and the economy, leaving things like the civil service exam behind. Eventually

Self Strengthening movement

A late 19th-century campaign in China aimed at strengthening the nation through the adoption of Western military technology and techniques while maintaining Confucian values.

Desired to prevent further Western dominance.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864, driven by a desire for social reform, a protest against economic hardship opposition to the Manchu-led government and their lack of action to address these issues.

Introduced ideas of equal rights and common property, weaked the Qing dynasty, & killed millions.

Boxer rebellion

A violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, led by the "Boxers" who sought to expel foreign influence and restore Chinese sovereignty.

Related to the spheres of influence and British concessions in China following Opium Wars.

Opium Wars

Two conflicts in the mid-19th century, primarily between China and Britain, triggered by disputes over trade, particularly the British opium trade in China. The wars resulted in significant territorial and commercial concessions from China. Such as the Treaty of Nanking which gave Britian control over Hong Kong and opened several ports to British trade, and the establishment of Spheres of Influence that granted foreign powers special rights and privileges in China.

& the Open Door Policy

Belgian Congo

Ruled as private property by King Leopold II and exploited a great number of Congolese people, until the colony was taken under the Belgian government’s control.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

A social and religious movement among the Xhosa people in South Africa during the 1850s, where the killing of cattle was believed to bring about a renewal and drive away colonial influences.

Ended up just creating great amounts of famine for the natives, ending in the rule of the British.

War of the Golden Stool

Ashanti Empire in present-day Ghana, sparked by British attempts to annex the Ashanti royal regalia, including the sacred Golden Stool, in an attempt to take advantage of their natural resouces, such as gold. This war highlighted the resistance of the Ashanti people to colonial rule.