Organic chem reactions

Alkanes → Haloalkanes

Reaction: Alkane + X₂ ^+UV→ Haloalkane (Alkane + X) + HX

Type of reaction:

Conditions: UV Light

Reagents: Halogen (X₂)

Alkenes → Alkanes

Reaction: Alkene + H₂ → Alkane

Type of reaction:

Conditions: 150°C, Nickel catalyst

Reagents: H₂

Alkenes → Dihaloalkanes

Reaction: Alkene + X₂ → Dihaloalkane

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temperature

Reagents: Halogen (X₂)

Alkenes → Haloalkanes

Reaction: Alkene + HX → Haloalkane

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temperature

Reagents: Hydrogen Halide (HX)

Important - H is added first, and goes onto the least stable carbocation most of the time. This makes the major product. The minor product is where the H is on the most stable carbocation. Stable means a C with the most Cs attached to it. The H will always go onto the C with the most Hs on it.

Alkenes → Alcohols

Reaction: Alkene_(g) + H₂O_(g) → Alcohol_(g)

Type of reaction:

Conditions: 300°C, 60 atm, H₃PO₄ (Phosphoric (V) acid) catalyst

Reagents: Steam (H₂O)

Haloalkanes → Alcohols

Reaction: Haloalkane + OH^- → Alcohol + X^-

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: NaOH_(aq)

Haloalkane → Nitrile

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Dissolved in ethanol

Reagents: CN^- ions (KCN)

Haloalkane → Amine

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Dissolved in ethanol

Reagents: Excess ammonia (NH₃)

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Reaction: Alcohol + NaX → Haloalkane + NaOH

Type of reaction:

Conditions: H₂SO₄

Reagents: Sodium Halide (NaX)

Alcohols → Alkenes

Reaction: Alcohol → Alkene + H₂O

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Heated to 180°C

Reagents: Conc. H₂SO₄ or conc. H₃PO₄

Primary Alcohol → Aldehyde

Reaction: Primary Alcohol + [O] → Aldehyde + H₂O

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Distillation

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate (H₂SO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇)

Primary Alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Reaction: Primary Alcohol + 2[O] → Carboxylic acid + H₂O

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate (H₂SO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇)

Secondary Alcohol → Ketone

Reaction: Secondary Alcohol + [O] → Ketone + H₂O

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate (H₂SO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇)

Alcohol → Ester

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Concentrated H₂SO₄ or acid anhydride

Reagents: Carboxylic acid

Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid

Reaction: Aldehyde + [O] → Carboxylic acid

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate (H₂SO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇)

Aldehyde → Primary Alcohol

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: NaBH₄

Aldehyde → Hydroxynitrile

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: NaCN_(aq), H+_(aq) ions

Ketone → Secondary Alcohol

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: NaBH₄

Ketone → Hydroxynitrile

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: NaCN_(aq), H+_(aq) ions

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Concentrated H₂SO₄

Reagents: Alcohol

Carboxylic acid → Acyl Chloride

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: SOCl₂

Ester → Carboxylic acid

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Heat

Reagents: Dilute acid

Ester → Carboxylate

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Heat

Reagents: OH^- ions

Acyl chloride → Carboxylic acid

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: H₂O

Acyl chloride → Ester

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Alcohol

Acyl chloride → Primary Amide

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: NH₃

Acyl chloride → Secondary Amide

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Primary amine

Hydroxynitrile → Amine

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Ni

Reagents: H₂

Hydroxynitrile → Carboxylic acid

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Heat

Reagents: H₂O and HCl

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Heat

Reagents: H₂O and HCl

Nitrile → Amine

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Ni

Reagents: H₂

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Reaction: Benzene + NO₂⁺ → Nitrobenzene + H⁺

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Below 50°C

Reagents: None

Catalysts: H₂SO₄

Benzene → Halobenzene

Reaction: Benzene + X⁺ → Halobenzene + H⁺

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: None

Catalysts: AlX₃, FeX₃

Benzene → Alkylbenzene (Alkyl = Methyl, Ethyl etc.)

Reaction: Benzene + Haloalkane (e.g. C₂H₅Cl) → Alkylbenzene + HX

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution (Friedal-Crafts Alkylation)

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: None

Catalysts: AlX_3, FeX₃

Benzene → Acylbenzene (Acyl = A ketone, so =O is on C connecting to benzene ring)

Reaction: Benzene + Acyl Chloride (e.g. CH₃COCl) → Acylbenzene + HX

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution (Friedal-Crafts Acylation)

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: None

Catalysts: AlX_3, FeX₃

Nitrobenzene → Aminobenzene (Benzene with NH₂ sticking out of it)

Reaction: Nitrobenzene + 6[H] ^+Sn/HCl→ Aminobenzene + 2H₂O

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Reflux, Excess NaOH

Reagents: Nitrobenzene, Conc HCl, NaOH

Catalysts: Tin

Aminobenzene → Amino-2,4,6-triborobenze

Reaction:

Type of reaction:

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Br₂

Phenol → Sodium phenoxide

Reaction: Phenol + NaOH → Sodium phenoxide (H on OH is replaced by Na) + H₂O

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: NaOH_(aq)

Phenol → 2,4,6 - Tribromophenol

Reaction: Phenol + 3Br₂ → 2,4,6 - Tribromophenol + 3HBr

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Bromine water

Catalysts: None

Phenol → 2-Nitrophenol and 4-Nitrophenol

Reaction: Phenol + HNO₃ → 2-Nitrophenol/4-Nitrophenol + H₂O

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Dilute HNO₃

Catalysts: None