Organic chem reactions

Alkanes → Haloalkanes

Reaction: Alkane + X₂ ^+UV→ Haloalkane (Alkane + X) + HX

Type of reaction: Free radical substitution

Conditions: UV Light

Reagents: None

Catalysts: None

Alkenes → Alkanes

Reaction: Alkene + H₂ → Alkane

Type of reaction: Electrophilic addition

Conditions: 150°C

Reagents: None

Catalysts: Nickel

Alkenes → Dihaloalkanes

Reaction: Alkene + X₂ → Dihaloalkane

Type of reaction: Electrophilic addition

Conditions: None

Reagents: None

Catalysts: None

Alkenes → Haloalkanes

Reaction: Alkene + HX → Haloalkane

Type of reaction: Electrophilic addition

Conditions: None

Reagents: None

Catalysts: None

Important - H is added first, and goes onto the most stable carbocation most of the time. This makes the major product. The minor product is where the H is on the least stable carbocation.

Alkenes → Alcohols

Reaction: Alkene_(g) + H₂O_(g) → Alcohol_(g)

Type of reaction: Electrophilic addition

Conditions: 300°C, 60 atm

Reagents: None

Catalysts: H₃PO₄ (Phosphoric (V) acid)

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Reaction: Alcohol + Halide ion (e.g. NaX) → Haloalkane + Hydroxide ion (e.g. NaOH)

Type of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

Conditions: None

Reagents: H₂SO₄

Catalysts: None

Alcohols → Alkenes

Reaction: Alcohol → Alkene + H₂O

Type of reaction: Elimination

Conditions: Catalyst heated to 180°C

Reagents: None

Catalysts: Conc. H₂SO₄ or conc. H₃PO₄

Primary Alcohol → Aldehyde

Reaction: Primary Alcohol + [O] → Aldehyde + H₂O

Type of reaction: Oxidation

Conditions: Distillation

Reagents: H₂SO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇ (Potassium dichromate(VI))

Catalysts: None

Primary Alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Reaction: Primary Alcohol + 2[O] → Carboxylic acid + H₂O

Type of reaction: Oxidation

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: H₂SO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇ (Potassium dichromate(VI))

Catalysts: None

Secondary Alcohol → Ketone

Reaction: Secondary Alcohol + [O] → Ketone + H₂O

Type of reaction: Oxidation

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: H₂SO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇ (Potassium dichromate(VI))

Catalysts: None

Haloalkanes → Alcohols

Reaction: Haloalkane + OH^- (e.g. NaOH or KOH or H₂O) → Alcohol + X^- (if H₂O is used then H⁺ is formed, does not react with X^-)

Type of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

Conditions: Reflux, Alkali must be warm and aqueous

Reagents: None

Catalysts: None

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Reaction: Benzene + NO₂⁺ → Nitrobenzene + H⁺

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Below 50°C

Reagents: None

Catalysts: H₂SO₄

Benzene → Halobenzene

Reaction: Benzene + X⁺ → Halobenzene + H⁺

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: None

Catalysts: AlX₃, FeX₃

Benzene → Alkylbenzene (Alkyl = Methyl, Ethyl etc.)

Reaction: Benzene + Haloalkane (e.g. C₂H₅Cl) → Alkylbenzene + HX

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution (Friedal-Crafts Alkylation)

Conditions: None

Reagents: None

Catalysts: AlX_3, FeX₃

Benzene → Acylbenzene (Acyl = A ketone, so =O is on C connecting to benzene ring)

Reaction: Benzene + Acyl Chloride (e.g. CH₃COCl) → Acylbenzene + HX

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution (Friedal-Crafts Acylation)

Conditions: None

Reagents: None

Catalysts: AlX_3, FeX₃

Phenol → Sodium phenoxide

Reaction: Phenol + NaOH → Sodium phenoxide (H on OH is replaced by Na) + H₂O

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: None

Reagents: None

Catalysts: None

Phenol → 2,4,6 - Tribromophenol

Reaction: Phenol + 3Br₂ → 2,4,6 - Tribromophenol + 3HBr

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Bromine water

Catalysts: None

Phenol → 2-Nitrophenol and 4-Nitrophenol

Reaction: Phenol + HNO₃ → 2-Nitrophenol/4-Nitrophenol + H₂O

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Room temp

Reagents: Dilute HNO₃

Catalysts: None

Nitrobenzene → Aminobenzene (Benzene with NH₂ sticking out of it)

Reaction: Nitrobenzene + 6[H] ^+Sn/HCl→ Aminobenzene + 2H₂O

Type of reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Conditions: Reflux, Excess NaOH

Reagents: Nitrobenzene, Conc HCl, NaOH

Catalysts: Tin

Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid

Reaction: Aldehyde + [O] → Carboxylic acid

Type of reaction: Oxidation

Conditions: Reflux

Reagents: H₂SO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇ (Potassium dichromate(VI))

Catalysts: None