Exam 1 Advanced Beef Production part 1

How many head of cows does it take to support you and a family on a full time perspective?

300 head

what is caused by a live pathogen?

infectious disease

what is the disease when a cow swallows metal, puncturing the stomach lining?

hardwares disease

what are signs of hardwares disease?

hunched up, moving around stiff

how much water does a dry cow intake?

10-12 gallons/d

how much water does a wet cow intake?

22-25 gallons/d

what is the normal temperature of a cow?

101.5 F

when do cows have the lowest rectal temperature?

6 am

when dow cows have the highest rectal temperature?

6 pm

when is the best time to take a cows temperature?

6am

what is NSAID?

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

what are examples of NSAID?

banamine

what drug suppresses inflammatory responses?

Banamine

How much energy does each 1F temp increase?

10%

what happens to iron when fever elevates?

it is less available in blood

what are two ways to produce antibodies?

natural exposure and vaccines to produce antibodies

what is the most important immunoglobulin?

IgG

what is IgG?

a protein in the blood that helps prevent infections and fight foreign substances

since immunoglobulins are large, how do they pass?

there are gap junctions in the intestinal lining that are lax for them to pass

what is the ideal time frame for calf to recieve colostrum?

first 6 hours of life and 6-24

what is morbidity?

sickness rates

how many bags of colosturm should you give a calf if you pump feed it?

2 bags

why should you give 2 bags if you pump feed colostrum?

so you can bypass the rumen and an equivalent to one bag goes into the stomach. a sucking calf would bypass the rumen unlike pumping.

what are parenteral vaccines?

injectable vaccines

in calves what vaccines are more successful than injectables?

nasal and oral vaccines

what two vaccines are for bacteria threats?

Killed vaccines and inactivated vaccines.

what vaccine is for virus threats?

Modified Live Vaccines

what is an immunological agent that enhances the immune response to a vaccine?

adjuvant

damage or alteration in the functionality of a body tissue

disease

disease occurs when challenge exceeds ________

resistance

skin and mucous membranes; coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and diarrhea

physical barriers

what do physical barriers need?

adequate hydration

mainly white blood cells which destroy invading organisms with chemicals or by ingesting them but lacks memory

cellular components

what do cellular components need?

adequate nutrition

large cells that non selectively ingest and enzymatically break down foreign microbes

macrophages

release chemicals that attack and destroy and then ingest

neutrophils

kill the body's own cells if infected

natural killer cells

when cells become infected, they release chemical signals that cause vascular dilation to increase localized blood flow and the permeability of localized capillaries which enables macrophages and neutrophils to leave the bloodstream and attack... this induces clinical redness, swelling, and pain

inflammatory response

pyrogens are released by macrophages which after pathogen attack... sends signal to hypothalamus to elevate temp... in turn stimulates more phagocytosis and reduces iron availability in blood which bacteria need for growth

fever response

acquaired immune system (specific defense)

responds to vaccines

can recognize and destroy specific invaders by detecting antigens on their surface... antigens can only be detected if the animal has specific antibodies which recognize the foreign invader.

acquired immune system

passive immunity (specific defense)

absorbed via colostrum which can be enhanced by dam vaccination

when maternal antibodies absorbed via colostrum interferes with the development of the acquired immune system

maternal interference

how long can maternal antibodies last?

2-12 weeks of age depending on quantity and quality of colostrum

what is a decay half-life of antibodies?

some are 16-28 d and some may be up to 40 d

when should you vaccinate before stressful events?

2 weeks

when should dam vaccinations occur?

6 weeks prior to parturition

what are stressful events in calving?

dystocia, calving environment, cow-calf interaction

stressful events in the neonatal period

passive transfer success, rearing environment, contemporary group exposure

stressful events in immune transition period

efficacy of vaccination schedule, calf environment and biosecurity

stressful events in weaning

previous vaccination efficacy, weaning practices, shipping, commingling

what % calf mortality happens w/in first 24 hours of birth?

57%

what % of calf mortality in the first week?

75%

dead organisms or their parts remain intact to stimulate immune response

killed organism vaccines

organisms are mutated to eliminate disease causing capability while retaining antigenic structure

Modified-live organism vaccines

toxicity of a pathogen is neutralized while the antigen's structure remains intact

inactivated bacterial toxins

MLV or Killed: more efficient at protecting against pathogens which penetrate and infect the inside of cells

MLV

Do modified live vaccines replicate in the body?

yes

do modified live vaccines require a booster?

not usually, however, some practitioners recommend it because not all animals respond to each vaccine

Should you shake a MLV when mixing? if not, why?

no, because it can release endotoxins

T/F: MLV are easily degradeable being sensitive to temperature or light abuse

true

what temperature should MLV and killed vaccines be refrigerated at?

35-45F

T/F: Killed products are more efficient at protecting the animal from organisms which attack the outside of cells.

true

Do killed vaccines replicate in the body?

no

do killed vaccines require a booster?

generally, yes

what are the steps to an efficient total health program?

1. Sound nutritional regime

2. continuous training of personnel

3. known source of livestock

4. sound sanitation and biosecurity practices

5. excellent record keeping system

6. functional well-maintained facilities

7. excellent relationship with a veterinarian

8. sound preventative vaccination program

what is the form of energy the cow's immune system requires?

glucose

with each degree increase of fever, how much does the energy need increase?

10%

what is the most limiting nutrient in cattle?

protein

what are the three amino acids that make up proteins that are limited?

Glutamine, Arginine, and Tryptophan

what are the three bacterials that cause calf scours?

E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens Type C and D

what are the two protozoas that cause calf scours?

Cryptosporidium parvum and Coccidiosis

what are the two virals that cause calf scours?

Rotavirus and Coronavirus

why are scours typically consider multi-factorial?

because there are usually multiple enteropathogens causing the scours

why does death occur in a calf with scours?

dehydration

what is the best way to treat scours?

electrolytes and antibiotics

what class of medications is ampicillin?

penicillin

what is the term for a vaccine that is prepared from cultured microorganisms taken from an individual then used to immunize the same individual?

Autogenous Vaccine

Do you have to have a prescription from a veterinarian for LA 200?

yes

When is pinkeye season?

it is now seen year-round

BRD results from?

a complex interaction between environmental, host, and pathogen interactions

weaning, transportation, commingling, dusty conditions, crowding, and poor ventilation serve as environmental stressors permitting infection and transmission. This is also known as ________

Shipping fever

What is the capacity of the bovine lung?

12 L

What is the most costly disease in North America?

BRD

what is the estimated loss from 2001 and estimated loss today?

2001: $800-$900 million

Today: $1 billion

what is the incidence rate of BRD in feedlots?

16%

What is the morbidity rate in feedlots from BRD?

75%

what is the mortality rates from BRD in feedlots ?

50-75%

What all can BRD decrease in cattle?

ADG, QG, HCW, 12th rib FT, and REA

what can BRD cause in breeding stock?

long term depression i reproductive performance and milk production

what are the respiratory viruses in BRD?

BRSV, IBR, PI-3, BVD 1 and 2

what are the pneumonia causing bacteria in BRD?

Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multicoda, Haemophilus somnas, and Mycoplasma bovis

T/F PI-3 is clinically milder than the other respiratory viruses

true

which BRD serves as an initiator of secondary bacterial pneumonia?

PI-3

what is PI-3

Parainfluenza Virus 3

what are symptoms of PI-3?

Pyrexia, cough, serous nasal and lacrimal discharge, increased respiratory rate, and increased breath sounds

what does a necropsy reveal with PI-3?

consolidation and potentially lesions