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Magna Carta
a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.
Articles Failure
Weak association of states
Connecticut Compromise
Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature
Virginia Plan
Proposal from the large states in the Constitutional Convention for representation based on size in both Houses.
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in congress
Federalist #10
Essay by James Madison about the dangers of faction
Federalist #51
Argues that separation of powers within the national government is the best way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of one person or a single group.
Article IV
Relations among states
Article V
Amending the Constitution
Marbury v. Madison
This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government
Denied Powers
powers the Constitution denies to the national government
Interstate Commerce Clause
Constitutional clause that gives Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce.
Unitary System
A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
Fiscal Federalism
The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
New Federalism
system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states
Take Care Clause
President must enforce all laws passed by congress
Amending the Constitution (proposed by Congress)
2/3 of congress propose amendment; 3/4 states ratify it.
Amending the Constitution (proposed by states)
Convention called by 2/3 states to propose; 3/4 states ratify.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state
priveleges and immunities clause
Part of Article IV; citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states.
Locke
natural rights
Rousseau
social contract
Representative Democracy
A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.
Shay's Rebellion
A 1787 rebellion that exposed the weakness of Articles of Confederation
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
3/5 Compromise
Each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes
Article I
Legislative Branch
Article II
Executive Branch
Article III
Judicial Branch
10th Amendment
Powers Reserved to the States
Expressed Powers
powers directly stated in the constitution to be federal powers
Implied Powers
Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions
reserved powers
Powers given to the state government alone
Concurrent Powers
Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.
Supremacy Clause
Federal law is supreme over state law
Confederacy
A loose union of independent states
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
5th Amendment
The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process
6th Amendment
Right to a speedy trial
Amendment 8
No cruel and unusual punishment
social contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules
Note 
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