Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1-3 Test

Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Movement, Metabolism

5 areas of life that work together to maintain homeostasis

anatomy

"cutting open"; structure

physiology

another greek word; function

gross anatomy

what can be seen and studied with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

use of microscopes, with limitations

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

levels of organization

homeostatic regulation

the body's adjustments to changes that help preserve homeostasis

negative feedback

a response to a stimulus "corrects" the situation

positive feedback

stimulus produces a response that re-enforces that stimulus

integumentary system

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

nervous system

directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

digestive system

processes food and absorbs nutrients

urinary system

eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones

muscular system

allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat

skeletal system

provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood

lymphatic system

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

cardiovascular system

transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

respiratory system

delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

endocrine system

directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

transverse plane

(cross section) divides into superior and inferior

frontal plane

(coronal) divides into anterior and posterior

sagittal plane

cuts into left and right

ventral body cavity

diaphragm divides cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

abdominopelvic

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

thoracic

pericardial cavity, pleural cavities

isotopes

if an element contains a different number of neutrons

covalent bond

molecules that are formed from the sharing of electrons in the outer shell

ionic bond

bonds formed by a reaction of anions and cations (non-metal and metal)

hydrogen bond

formed from hydrogen bonds of one molecule and adjacent molecules

decomposition reaction

AB to A + B

synthesis reaction

A + B to AB

enzymes

substances that accelerate chemical reactions and lower the activation energy

equilibrium

A state of balance

activation energy

the energy required for a reaction to occur

polar molecules

a molecule in which the centroid of the positive charges is different from the centroid of the negative charges.

excellent solvent; high heat capacity; chemical reactions

properties of water

acids

react in solution and increase the number of hydrogen ions

bases

rect in solution and decrease the number of hydrogen ions

proteins

Chains of amino acids

carbohydrates

Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose); Great for stored energy

lipids

A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; are insoluble in water, and serve as a source of stored energy

nucleic acids

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

phospholipids

A lipid made up of a glyerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has two hydrophobic tails and a polar, hydrophilic head

cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals; cells are the smallest functioning units of life; cells are produced through the division of preexisting cells; each cell maintains homeostasis

cell theory

passive transport

does not require energy - diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion

active transport

requires energy - carrier-mediated transport

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

filtration

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

exchange pumps

Carrier proteins that move ions with counter transport.

vesicular transport

Movement of material between organelles in the eukaryotic cell via membrane-enclosed vesicles.

endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

hypertonic

having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

chromosome structure

chromosome structure

DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are coiled to form coils, then coiled further to form supercoils.

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

genetic code

collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

transcription

DNA to RNA (nucleus)

translation

RNA to Protein (ribosomes)

central dogma

DNA - RNA - proteins

interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

mitosis

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.

cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

cell membrane

provides isolation, protection, sensitivity, and support; controls entrance/exit of materials

inorganic compounds

do not contain carbon or hydrogen

organic compounds

carbon and hydrogen atoms primarily

cytosol

distributes materials by diffusion

cytoskeleton

provides strength and support; enables movement of cellular structures and materials

centrioles

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division

ribosomes

synthesize proteins

proteasomes

break down and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes secretory producers; provides intracellular storage and transport

rough ER

packages newly synthesized proteins

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus

stores, alters, and packages secretory products; forms lysosomes

lysosomes

remove damaged organelles or pathogens within cells

peroxisomes

catabolize fats and other organic compounds; neutralize toxic compounds generated in the process

mitochondria

produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell

nucleus

controls metabolism; stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis

nucleolus

synthesizes RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits

exergonic reaction

enzyme-substrate complex

active sites connect with substrates

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below

anterior

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

dorsal

toward or at the back of the body; behind

medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

distal

farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of a body

superficial

toward or at the body surface

deep

away from the body surface; more internal