Biology Unit: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis Study Guide

How many chromosomes do humans have and what do they store?

46 chromosomes; they store genetic information (DNA).

Chromosomes are made up of what?

DNA and proteins.

What are the two divisions of the cell cycle?

Interphase and M phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis).

What phase do cells spend most of their lives in?

Interphase.

What happens during the cell cycle?

The cell grows

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

G1 Phase: Cell grows. S Phase: DNA is copied. G2 Phase: Cell prepares for division.

What is the overall process of mitosis?

Division of the nucleus to create two identical cells.

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Prophase: Chromosomes become visible

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm to form two cells.

What is a cleavage furrow?

The pinching in of the membrane during cytokinesis in animal cells.

Difference between animal and plant cells during cytokinesis?

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow; plant cells form a cell plate.

What is the final product of mitosis?

Two identical daughter cells.

What happens when uncontrolled growth occurs?

Cancer or tumors can form.

What are masses of cells growing uncontrollably called?

Tumors.

What are homologous pairs and tetrads?

Homologous pairs: Two similar chromosomes

What is the process of making complementary mRNA from DNA called?

Transcription.

What type of RNA carries an anticodon and an amino acid?

tRNA.

What enzyme unwinds DNA and assembles mRNA?

RNA Polymerase.

What explains why A pairs with T and C with G?

Base Pairing Rule.

What is decoding mRNA into a protein called?

Translation.

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

What are the three types of RNA?

mRNA (messenger)

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate group

List the 4 bases and identify purines and pyrimidines.

Purines: Adenine (A)

What is the Central Dogma?

DNA → RNA → Protein.

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication?

Prokaryotic: One origin of replication. Eukaryotic: Many origins of replication.

What enzyme adds new nucleotides during replication?

DNA Polymerase.

What enzyme unwinds DNA?

Helicase.

Transcribe the DNA: TTACCG

AAUGGC.

Transcribe the DNA: CCAGGT

GGUCCA.

Transcribe the DNA: TATGCG

AUACGC.

List similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.

Both are nucleic acids. DNA has deoxyribose and thymine; RNA has ribose and uracil.

Translate mRNA: AUGCCGAUUAGCCAGUUA

Methionine-Proline-Isoleucine-Alanine-Serine-Stop.

Provide mRNA strand and DNA template for Proline-Leucine-Serine.

mRNA: CCU-CUA-UCU; DNA template: GGA-GAT-AGA.

What three scientists helped figure out DNA structure?

Watson

What is Amylase?

An enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.

What did Avery discover?

DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information.

What did Griffith discover?

Transformation principle (dead bacteria transferring traits).

What did Hershey and Chase prove?

DNA is the genetic material

What did Rosalind Franklin discover?

Took x-ray images showing DNA’s double helix structure.

What did Chargaff discover?

Base pairing rule (A=T

DNA: TTACCGAAAGGG - Deletion (remove A)

mRNA = AAUGCUUUCCC.

DNA: TTACCGAAAGGG - Deletion - Amino Acid sequence

Asparagine-Alanine-Phenylalanine-Proline.

DNA: TTACCGAAAGGG - Insertion (T after A)

mRNA = AAUUGGCUUUCCC.

DNA: TTACCGAAAGGG - Insertion - Amino Acid sequence

Asparagine-Tryptophan-Leucine-Serine.

DNA: TTACCGAAAGGG - Substitution (A for C)

mRNA = AAUAGCUUUCCC.

DNA: TTACCGAAAGGG - Substitution - Amino Acid sequence

Asparagine-Serine-Phenylalanine-Proline.