physical science

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space, consisting of atoms and molecules. Matter exists in various states, including solid, liquid, and gas.

Substance

that has mass and takes up space, formed from atoms and molecules.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, consisting of only one type of atom.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties.

Homogeneous Mixture

a type of mixture where the components are so evenly distributed that they appear uniform throughout the entire sample

Heterogenous Mixture

a mixture where the components are not evenly distributed

Physical properties

a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Ex., colors, density, hardness, melting, and boiling point

Density

Describes how "packed" matter is within a given space, also known as volume

Physical Change

The material involved in the change is structurally the same before and after the change

Chemical Properties

A characteristic of a particular substance that can be observed in a chemical reaction

Chemical change

Is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Law of conservation of mass

Mass cannot be created or destroyed only change forms

Thermal energy

the energy an object has due to the movement of its atoms and molecules

Temperature

Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius

Solubility

is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent

Atomic Number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element

Mass Number

total number of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties.

Atomic Mass

the total mass of particles of matter in an atom

Groups

a column of elements in the periodic table

Periods

a horizontal row of elements

Chemical Formulas

Dentifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element

Chemical bonds

the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures

Ion

an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge

Oxidation number

The charge that the atom would have if the compound was composed of ions

Cation

a positively charged ion

Anion

a negatively charged ion

Molecule

a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Reactants

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

Products

the substances or materials produced as a result of a process, like a chemical reaction or experiment

Precipitate

a solid produced from two liquids in a double displacement chemical reaction

Exergonic

chemical reaction that release energy

Exothermic

Endergonic

chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Endothermic

chemical reactions that absorb energy in the form of heat

Catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

Inhibitor

a substance which slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction or other process or which reduces the activity of a particular reactant, catalyst, or enzyme

Whats the biggest differences between compounds and mixtures

Compound= chemically bonded and mixtures= physcial blend

Explain all 3 principles of kinetic molecular theory

1. All matter is made of small particles

2. particles are in constant random motion

3. this motion causes the particles to collide with each other

What is a solution? And the two parts of a solution?

Homogenous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent, and solute and solvent

What are the three types of solutions

Solid solutions, liquid solutions, and gaseous solutions

Current understanding of an atom?

it's the smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties of an element

The mass and volume in the atom are located

Mass is in a nuclues and volume electron cloud

Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and electrons are in the electron cloud

What is the electron cloud

Electrons surrounding the nucules of an atom

How do electrons move within the cloud

there is no motion

Electrons energy within the cloud

The energy of an electron is determined by its distance from the nucleus; those closer to the nucleus have lower energy, and those further away have higher energy

What are outermost electron called

valance electrons

What does the group number on the periodic table tell you

number of valance electrons

What does the period number tell you

the electron shell or energy level

Characteristics of metals

lustrous, ductile, and good conductors for heat and electicity

Characteristics of nonmetals

dull, brittle, and poor conductors

Characteristics of metalloids

have properties of both metals and nonmetals

Why do elements form compounds

to be more stable

What elements never form compounds and why

Noble gases, because they are already stable with there outermost shell full

Determine the chemical formula from an ionic compound name

identify the cations and anions, write their symbols and charges, and combine them to form nuetral compounds

How to determine an ionic compound name from a chemical formula

State the cation first followed by the anions.

Polyatomic ion exception

treat them as a single unit

transitional metal exception

use roman nurmeals for the charge

How to determine a chemical formula from a covalent compounds name

Identify the element, determine the prefix indicating the number of atoms, write the chemical symbol with correct subscripts

The difference between ionic and covalent bonds

Ionic= transfer electrons between metals and nonmetals. Covalent is sharing electrons between nonmetals and nonmetals

What are examples of evidence of chemical reactions

color, odor, light, temp, solid, sound, and gas

List commonly used symbols in chemical reactions

(s)- solid, (L)-liquid, and (g)-gas

The 5 types of chemical reactions

Sythenis, decompostion, combustion, single displacement, and double displacement

synthesis

a type of chemical reaction where two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product

decomposition

A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances

Combustion

oxygen is always a reactant and carbon dioxide (co2) and water (h20) are always products

single replacement

one element replaces a similar element in a compound

double replacement

two ionic compound reactants switch ions, forming new ionic compounds products

5 factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions

Temperature, concentration, surface area, the catalyst, and nature of reactants

physical changes

boiling, crumpling, freezing, evaporating, sawing, and crushing

Chemical changes

burning, rotting, and rusting

Solid shape

has a definite shape

Solid volume

definite volume

solid particles

pacted close

Liquid shape

no fixed shape

liquid volume

definite volume

liquid particles

close together, always moving

Gas shape

no fixed shape

gas volume

no definite volume

gas particles

move in random motion

Plasma shape

no definite shape

plasma volume

No definite volume

plasma particles

spread but have a charge

What is the smallest part of an element that retains all the properties of the element?

atom

Name the 3 subatomic particles in an atom

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

protons and nuetrons location

nuclues

electron location

electron cloud

what stays the same in a isotope

The element stays the same

what changes in a isotope

the number of neutrons

The ________is the sum of the atoms protons and neutrons

mass number

vertical columns on the periodic table

groups or families

horonztional rows on the periodic table

periods

How are elements in the same vertical column alike

same number of valance electrons, chemical properties, and reactivity

How are elements in the same horizontal row alike

share the same number of valance electrons shells or energy level

why are alkali metals so reactive

they have 1 valance electron in heir outermost shell, this single electrons is easily lost, making them highly reactive

NaC2H3O2

Sodium Acetate (I)

N2O4

Dinitrogen tetroxide (c

NBr3

Nitrogen Tribromide (c