physical science

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space, consisting of atoms and molecules. Matter exists in various states, including solid, liquid, and gas.

Substance

that has mass and takes up space, formed from atoms and molecules.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, consisting of only one type of atom.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties.

Homogeneous Mixture

a type of mixture where the components are so evenly distributed that they appear uniform throughout the entire sample

Heterogenous Mixture

a mixture where the components are not evenly distributed

Physical properties

a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Ex., colors, density, hardness, melting, and boiling point

Density

Describes how "packed" matter is within a given space, also known as volume

Physical Change

The material involved in the change is structurally the same before and after the change

Chemical Properties

A characteristic of a particular substance that can be observed in a chemical reaction

Chemical change

Is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Law of conservation of mass

Mass cannot be created or destroyed only change forms

Thermal energy

the energy an object has due to the movement of its atoms and molecules

Temperature

Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius

Solubility

is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent

Atomic Number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element

Mass Number

total number of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties.

Atomic Mass

the total mass of particles of matter in an atom

Groups

a column of elements in the periodic table

Periods

a horizontal row of elements

Chemical Formulas

Dentifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element

Chemical bonds

the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures

Ion

an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge

Oxidation number

The charge that the atom would have if the compound was composed of ions

Cation

a positively charged ion

Anion

a negatively charged ion

Molecule

a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Reactants

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

Products

the substances or materials produced as a result of a process, like a chemical reaction or experiment

Precipitate

a solid produced from two liquids in a double displacement chemical reaction

Exergonic

chemical reaction that release energy

Exothermic

Endergonic

chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Endothermic

chemical reactions that absorb energy in the form of heat

Catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

Inhibitor

a substance which slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction or other process or which reduces the activity of a particular reactant, catalyst, or enzyme