Images to Know for Dr. C's midterm 2/2025 - (copy)

The Alexander Mosaic

2nd century BCE

Depicts Alexander the Great fighting Darius III of Persia.

Made of tesserae stones.

What is this called, when was it made, and what does it depict? What was it made of?

The Republican Temples in Largo Argentina

2nd and 3rd century BC

Made with tuffa and travertine

Honored Juturna and Fortuna and faced the victory parade route (east)

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who did they honor and what is the significance of the temples?

The Temple of Portunus

75 BC

Made with travertine columns and tuff

victory temple Dedicated to Portunus, the god of keys

Traditional Italic style but Greek decorative features like Ionic columns/pseudoperipteral colonades — best example of Greek influence

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who did it honor and what is its style/architectural significance?

The Temple of Hercules Victor

140 BC

Made of Greek Marble

Dedicated to Hercules Victor, protector of traders

Earliest surviving marble building in Rome, design based on Greek round temples — round and peripteral and surrounded with steps

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who did it honor and what is its style/architectural significance?

The Theater of Pompey

55 BC

Stone and Roman concrete

Dedicated, (1st) permament, hellinistic theater complex for Pompey to win crowds over, designed as a set of steps that led to a triumphal temple that was dedicated to Venus Vitrix

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who did it honor and what is its style/architectural significance?

Cavea = seating area

orchestra = area in front

Stage

Scenae frons - backdrop

Portico - covered sidewalk - decorated with artwork and sycamore trees

What are the key aspects of Pompey’s theater?

The "Arringatore" or Orator

100 BCE

bronze

Etruscan in origin, indicates Romanization of Etruscan art

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance and origin?

Portrait of Pompey The Great

50 BC

white marble

reflects interest in incorporating Greek styles into Roman art, birth of portraiture, verism

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Forum of Caesar

46 BC

marble

the first great forum built outside the Forum Romanum, the victory temple in the back honored Venus Genetrix

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who did its temple honor and what is its style/architectural significance?

Piazza/forecourt in front, temple in back (last victory temple), side porticos

What were key features of the Forum of Julius Caesar?

Julius Caesar

48-44 BC

Marble

example of portraiture

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Denarius with obverse portrait of Julius Caesar

44 BC

"Director Perpetuo"

A sign of his dictatorship, power, and desire for indefinite reign

What is this called and when was it made? What is it symbolic of and what was the title Caesar had?

Denarius of Brutus

44 BC

Imagery related to the Ides of March and killing of Caesar

What is this called, when was it made, what is the significance of its imagery?

Tiber Island

509 BC

Located in the southern bend of the Tiber

What is this called and when was it made? Where is it?

Portrait of Octavian as Caesar Divi

40 BCE

Metal

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of?

The Primaporta Augustus statue

20 BC

White marble

Paints emperor augustus is a strong and royal light, deification

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Augustus as Pontifex Maximus

12 BCE

marble

Another testament to all of Augustus's power and titles, ushering in a new golden age of Rome

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Bust of Livia

1st century BC

white marble

Rome's first matriarch - mother of Tiberius and wife of Augustus

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who is pictured and what is her significance?

Heroic statue of Gaius Caesar

1st century BC

marble

commemorative for military successes

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its significance?

Plan of the Forum Romanum in the period of Augustus

Served to glorify Augustus, his family, and his ideals

What is this called and when was it made? Who did it honor and what is its style/architectural significance?

Temple of Mars Ultor

2 BCE

Luna marble

Honors Mars

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Who does it honor?

Theater of Marcellus

15 BC

Tuff and concrete

Largest theatre in Rome at the time, set a precedent with its facade

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Funerary relief of the Gessii

50-20 BC

Marble

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of?

Pyramid of Gaius Cestius

18-12 BC

concrete, marble, and travertine

built as a masoleum for Cestius, Egyptian influence

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Tomb of Eurysaces

30-20 BCE

concrete with travertine

plebian funerary building

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Column of Marcus Aurelius

193 AD

Luna marble

A dedication to Marcus Aurelius for his effort in the Barbarian Wars

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Mausoleum of Augustus

28 BC

Concrete, brick, tufa

Housed the the ash urns of Augustus and his family, housed the bronze copy of Augustus's Res Gestae

Originally featured a statue of Augustus on top

campus martius

his remains, his wife livia, and his son tiberius are actually there

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its historical significance? Where is it located?

Horologium

Enormous sundial, 13 BC

Used to tell the passing of time, calendar functions, cast a shadow by it gnomon to align perfectly with the doorway of the Ara Pacis on the birthday of Augusts.

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Capitoline She-wolf

5 Century BC

Made of Bronze

Etruscan style – bronze

Believed to be made later – middle ages

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Roman man with busts of Ancestors

1 Century AD

Made of marble

Shows veristic portraiture

Holding busts of ancestors — shows he is proud of his lineage

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Temple of Hercules Victor

~150 BC

Made of Greek Marble

Greek god who came over to Rome

Marcus Octavius Herrenus comissioned it

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Tumulus

Carved out of volcanic bedrock

Tombs date from 8-3rd Century BCE

Included chairs and personal adornment items – wanted to be recognized when went into the underworld

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Gold fibula from Regolini-Galassi

~650 BCE

Found in a tomb

Meant to be worn despite size

Made of gold – sign of orientalizing

Cats also a sign of orientalizing

Repousse at the top – metal being stamped

Bottom had new technique – granulation

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? Where was it found? What is its style/architectural significance?

Sarcophagus of the spouses

~520 BC

Shows Greek influence – archaic style

Block heads, Legs cannot actually turn like that

Shows Etruscan life – women with jewelry

Affection

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Villanovan Hut

~7th Century BC

Used for cremation burials

Gives light into what life would be like for the Villanovans

No two urns were the same – shows what houses would look like

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Tomb of the Bulls

• ~560 BC

• Shows horror vacui – Etruscans fearing empty space

• Etruscan wall art in a necropolis

• [main register – Achilles and Troilus] Shows two reisters

  • Bottom is unsophisticated – trees all one one base line

  • Top is the scene of a battle between achilles and Troilus in Trohan war

  • Unsure if bottom scene is from the same

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance? What is the scene depicted on top and bottom?

• Tomb of Augurs

• ~530 BC

• Shows funerary games

• Very simple painting structures

• Shows reliance on Greek models for Etruscan art

• Found in necropolis

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing

Found in necropolis

~530 BC

Archaic Greek style – not perfect proportions

Enlarged animals for recognition

Unsure if it is representative of a mythological story

What is this called, when was it made, and what is its style/architectural significance?

Statue of Mars

Made of bronze

~400 BC

Archaic art form

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Ficorini Cisita

~350 BC

Shows multiple registers

Made of bronze

Commissioned by a mother for her daughter [shown by inscription]

Toilettree box

Shows with women in Etrusca had – mother bought it

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Theatre of Pompey

Made of Roman concrete

~50 BC

Featured a victory temple to Venus Vixtrus on the top

Commissioned by Pompey after his 3 victories on 3 continents in 1 year

Not a theatre, but stairs that led to the temple

Meeting room where Caesar was executed

Senate was against theatres – good Romans don't have leisure

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance? What is its historical significance?

Alexander Mosaic

• ~80 BC

• Made of small stones to make up the photo

• Shows battle 

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

the orator

• ~90 BC

• Shows stance of orating

•  Made of bronze

• Veristic Portrature

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Doryphoros

Commissioned by Polykleitos to show what the perfect statue looks like

~400 BC

Classical period of Greek art

Made of bronze

Features contrapasso – s curve

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance?

Ara Pacis (alter of peace)

13 BC (took 3 years o rebuild)

made of luna marble/carrara, ancient fragment, and plastic caster

depictions

father of romulus and remus

plants – symbolize metamorphosis and change

ideals – peace & war

mars

possibly pax (on the back)

and augustus’ iconic vines – symmetrical spiral of rome.

there were originally doors according to the coins

possibly numa (to the right) because he’s bearded

goddess roma because she’s sitting on armor

greek influence – bucranian ox skulls

depiction of augustus because head is covered

What is this called, when was it made, and what was it made of? What is its style/architectural significance? What are the depictions/ornamations and their significance?