Neurons & Neurotransmitters

These flashcards cover the basic vocabulary related to neurons and neurotransmitters discussed in the lesson.

Neurons

Specialized cells that make up the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing information, and carrying out responses.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical substances produced by the body that transmit signals from one neuron to another across the synaptic cleft.

Dendrites

Branch-like structures of a neuron that receive information from other neurons.

Soma

The cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles.

Axon

A long structure of a neuron that transmits electrical messages away from the soma.

Myelin Sheath

A white, fatty substance that insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses.

Synapse

The small gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

Adrenaline

A neurotransmitter produced in stressful situations that increases heart rate and physical alertness.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with feelings of pleasure, motivation, and movement.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that contributes to mood, well-being, and regulates the sleep cycle and digestive system.

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

A neurotransmitter that calms nerve firing in the central nervous system and regulates anxiety.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and activating muscle actions.

Glutamate

The most common neurotransmitter, involved in learning, memory, and neural development.

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters released during activities like exercise, contributing to feelings of euphoria and pain relief.

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that transmit sensory messages to the brain.

Motor Neurons

Neurons that transmit movement messages away from the brain.

Interneurons

Neurons located only in the brain and spinal cord that relay messages between sensory and motor neurons.