intelligence and achievement

history of intelligence tests

it was originally used for diagnosing children who needed help with learning

then became used to sort people for eugenics

general intelligence (g)

the ability to reason and solve problems, tested in intelligence tests

gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

9 types of intelligence

verbal, musical, logical, visual, movement, etc.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

mental age/chronological age x 100

stanford binet test

revised Binet’s mental ability test

scores related to five areas of cognition: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative processing, visual-spatial processing, and working memory

IQ test

wechsler tests

has a verbal and nonverbal scale

four cognitive domains: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

intelligence curve

mean score: 100

standard deviation of 15

psychological assessment requirements

standardized, valid, reliable

standardized

uses the same procedures and environments when distributed

validity

the test measures what its designed to measure

constructive validity

how well a test measures what its supposed to measure

ex. a math test

predictive validity

how well a test can predict a future outcome or behavior

ex. SAT predicts college success

reliable

if someone takes the test multiple times, they will get similar results

test retest

test is given to the same group of people multiple times to test reliability

calculate correlation coefficient between two sets of scores

split half

split a test randomly into two parts

calculate scores of participants on each half of the test

stereotype threat

being aware of a negative stereotype about a group can make someone of that group confirm the stereotype

stereotype lift

being aware of a negative stereotype of a group can make someone try to break the stereotype

flynn effect

intelligence test performance rises through generations

achievement tests

test what you have learned

ex. psych unit 2 test

aptitude test

predict your ability to learn new things

fixed mindset

views intelligence, abilities, and talents and inherently stable and unchangeable over time

growth mindset

believes that intelligence and talents can be developed through effort, teaching, and persistence

comparing IQ scores

can only compare IQ scores within groups, not between groups, because they aren’t standardized

sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence