AnP-lets review-test 2 topics

Which anatomical structure is not part of the conducting zone?

-alveoli

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

-increase surface area

What is the structural features of the trachea?

-has smooth muscle fibers

-has cilia

-has a c-shaped cartilage

Which structure is not part of the bronchial tree?

-alveoli

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

-to remove pathogens and debris

Which structure separates the lung into lobes?

-fissure

What do you call the section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus

-the bronchopulmonary segment

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers called?

-the visceral and parietal pleurae

Which processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

-pulmonary ventilation

What does a decrease in volume lead to?

-an increase in pressure

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called?

-transpulmonary pressure?

As gas flow decreases

-resistance increases

What does contraction of the external intercostal muscles cause?

-the ribs and sternum to move upward

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

-residual volume

Gas moves from an area of _____ partial pressure to an area of ______ partial pressure?

-high; low

What occurs when ventilation is not sufficient?

The capillary constricts

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called?

-internal respiration?

Teh partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli, what happens to the carbon dioxide?

-it diffuses into the alveoli

What does oxyhemoglobin form by, which chemical reaction between what?

-hemoglobin and oxygen

What plays a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?

-temperature, pH, and BPG

What occurs during the chloride shift?

-chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate

What is an example of Haldane effect?

-a low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide

Which organ is not considered an accessory digestive structure?

-mouth

Which organ is supported by a layer of adventitious rather than serosa?

-esophagus

Which membrane covers the stomach?

-the visceral peritoneum

Which process occurs in the mouth?

-ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion

Which process occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?

-propulsion

Which stimuli activates sensors in the walls of digestive organs?

-breakdown products of digestion, distension, and pH of chyme

What is false concerning reflexes in the GI tract?

-food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes

What is the most common term for deglutition?

-swallowing

What is the substance that forms the outer covering of a tooth?

-enamel

What is the pharynx?

-the oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx

Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?

-the esophageal hiatus

Which cell secretes hormones?

-enteroendocrine cells

Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?

-in the fundus and body

During gastric emptying, chyme is released into the duodenum through the…

…pyloric sphincter

What do parietal cells secrete?

-hydrochloride acid

Which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?

-proximal small intestine

Which is most associated with villi?

-lacteals

What is the role of the small intestines MALT?

-preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream

Which part of large intestine attaches to the appendix?

-cecum

Whats true about bile?

-bile salts are recycled

Pancreatic juice…

…buffers chyme

Whats is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?

-trypsin

Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced?

-pancreas

The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called what ?

-renal columns

Why is the right kidney slightly lower?

-because it is displaced by the liver

Where is blood filtrate captured in the lumen?

-the Bowman’s capsule

What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?

-peritubular and vasa recta

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

-the nephron

What pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration?

-hydrostatic

What is the result of production of urine to modify plasma makeup?

-filtration, absorption, and secretion

What would diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus be most likely indicated by?

-polyuria

What do you call production of less than 50 mL/day of urine?

-anuria

True or false there are three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder 2 from the ureters and 1 into the urethra?

-true

Where does peristaltic contractions occur?

-in the ureters

Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal?

-bladder

When BP increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will____to mount a steady rate of filtration.

-contract

Which paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation?

-nitrous oxide (NO)

Which hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?

-aldosterone

Which is a vasoconstrictor?

-angiotensin ll

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?

-increased BP

Which beverage doesn’t have a diuretic effect?

-milk

Progesterone can bond to receptors for which hormone that when releases, activates water retention?

-aldosterone

Renin is released in response to what?

-decreased BP

Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?

-converts calcidiol into calcitriol

What would happen if there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting ducts?

-you would suffer severe dehydration

Solute contributes to the movement of water btwn cells and the surrounding medium by…

-osmotic pressure

What is interstitial fluid?

-the fluid that bathes all of the bodys cells except for blood cells

Where does the largest amount of water come into the body?

-liquids

Where does the largest amount of water leave the body?

-urine

What is insensible water loss?

-water loss via the skin by evaporation and in air from the lungs

How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?

-30 min

Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?

-calcium and phosphate

Electrolytes are lost mostly through what?

-renal function

What is the major cation in extra cellular fluid?

-sodium

What is the major cation in intracellular?

-potassium

What is the major anion in extracellular fluid?

-chloride

Where is most of the bodys calcium found?

-bone

What do you call abnormally increased blood levels of sodium?

-hypernatremia

Which ion has the lowest blood level?

-potassium

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?

-sodium and potassium

Which is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?

-hemoglobin

How can plasma proteins function as buffers?

-proteins have both + and - charges on their surface

What is the buffer thats adjusted to control acid-base balance?

-bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

Carbonic acid levels are controlled through what?

-respiratory system

What controls bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood?

-renal system

Which is the cause of metabolic acidosis?

-diarrhea

What is a cause of respiratory acidosis?

-emphysema