Final Exam - Animal Science 120

Abolitionists

Individuals who believe that animals have similar rights as humans. As such, humans must consider whether it is right to use animals for any purpose including food, clothing, entertainment, and research projects. This term is sometimes purposely confused with anti-slavery issues.

Abuse

Physical actions that willfully harm an animal

Ahimsa

non-injury including the entire abstinence from causing any pain or harm whatsoever to any living creature, either by thought, word, or deed.

Analgesia

A state of insensibility to pain, without loss of consciousness

Anesthesia

A state of lack of awareness or sensitivity, with or without loss of consciousness

ALF

Animal Liberation Front

Animal Protectionist

A person who believes animals should be protected from undue suffering, such as hunting, factory farming, non-biomedical animal research, fur farming, and any animal research that is not essential for saving human and other animal life (this

definition, by itself, is controversial).

Animal Rights

A movement that insists animals have moral rights equal to those of

humans and is totally opposed to biomedical research using animals, sporting events

using animals, using animals for clothing or entertainment, product testing, the owning of

animals and the eating of animals.

Animal Welfare

A movement that believes a reduced and minimal number of animals should be used in research - and that those animals used should be treated as humanely as possible. This concept includes proper housing, disease prevention, nutrition, and humane euthanasia or slaughter. This concept implies that humankind has dominion (a power or right) over animals, and as such has responsibility for animal well-being.

Anthropomorphism

The concept of ascribing human traits to animals, gods, etc.

AZA

American Zoo and Aquarium Association

Carcinogenicity

The ability of a substance to cause cancer

Cruelty

Having or showing indifference to, or pleasure in, another’s pain or suffering

Culture

The growth of living cells or microorganisms within a controlled, artificial

environment

Cytotoxicity

A substance’s capacity to kill or damage cells

Delaney Clause

“No additive shall be deemed to be safe if it is found to induce cancer when ingested by man or animal, or if it is found, after tests which are appropriate for the evaluation of the safety of food additives, to induce cancer in man or animal.”

de minimis standard

An amount so small as to be insignificant

Dissection

To cut apart for purposes of scientific examination (usually refers to either animal or human cadavers)

Domestication

Where taming from the natural environment and breeding, caring, and managing is under the control of humans

Dominionists

Individuals who believe that people can do whatever they want to animals, and that humans are the only species with rights. When this interpretation includes neglect and abuse, it is usually deemed socially unacceptable

Euthanasia

The humane killing of an animal by a method which produces rapid unconsciousness and subsequent death without evidence of pain or distress, or a method which utilizes anesthesia produced by an agent that causes painless loss of consciousness and subsequent death.

Exploitation

Humans having absolute dominion over animals and using the animals as

they see fit (animals may be used or abused).

Ethology

The study of behavior of animals

Humane

Espouses of kind treatment and compassion for humans and other animals

Inherent Value

The idea that since animals are “subjects of life,” they have a value or worth that is innate (Tom Regan’s inherent value). The subject of a life that is meaningful to that being is also part of this concept.

ILAR

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources

In situ

In the original place

In vitro

In an artificial environment outside the living organism

In vivo

Within a living organism

Liberation

The concept that animals are not to be put to work in any way, and all use of animals should be eliminated. Animal liberationists have been known to break into research labs and set animals free.

Malthusianism

The belief that population tends to increase faster than food supply, with inevitably disastrous results, unless the increase in population can be checked by war, famine, pestilence and natural catastrophe (named after Thomas Malthus)

Morals and Morality

What an individual or a society believes to be right or wrong

NOEL (No Observed Effect Level)

During the process of toxicity testing on animals,or occasionally on humans, various doses of a pesticide are tested. The dose at which no effect of the type under observation is observed is called the NOEL

Pain

An unpleasant sensation occurring in varying degrees of severity as a consequence of injury, disease, or emotional disorder

PETA

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

Replaceability Argument

Philosophy of activist Peter Singer that states, “Given that an animal belongs to a species incapable of self-consciousness, it follows that it is not wrong to rear and kill it for food, provided that it lives a pleasant life and, after being killed, will be replaced by another animal, which will lead a similarly pleasant life and would have not existed if the first animal had been killed.”

Risk Assessment

Compares the harmful effects of an action with the potential benefits

Sentience

ability to experience suffering and pleasure

Serendipity

Making a discovery that was unanticipated

Speciesism

The belief that humans are superior to animals, which is a bias similar to racism. Speciesism is a prejudice or bias toward the interests of members of one’s own species and against the members of others species

Standing

One’s place or relative position, or one’s rank in the community. Moral Standing is the status, rank, or right to do something

Suffer

To feel or endure pain or distress and to appear at a disadvantage

Suffering

Suffering can result from intolerable emotional pain, as well as from intolerable discomfort. Suffering requires a state of consciousness and a functional cerebral cortex - an emotional state. Pain and/or discomfort causes suffering only when pain and/or distress is at a degree that an individual animal cannot tolerate. The ability to tolerate pain or discomfort will vary widely from one individual to another - and even within a given individual from time-to-time.

Teratogenicity

The capability of a substance, organism, or drug to cause malformations in an animal or human fetus

Transfection

The introduction of foreign DNA into a cell’s genome

Transgenic

An animal in which the genetic makeup has been modified by the addition of a DNA sequence from another species

Utilitarian Philosophy

The right action is that what benefits most individuals. Using animals for the betterment of people is acceptable, as long as the animal is treated with compassion.

Vivisection

Cutting into a live animal. Originally, the term referred to cutting the animal without anesthesia (because anesthesia had not yet been developed). Today, the term is generally used to refer to all types of animal experimentation, including research and testing on living animals for medical or scientific research.

Xenotransplantation

The transplantation of animal organs into humans

__________ is the view that a person should pursue his or her own self-

interests, even at the expense of others. CHAPTER 2

Egoism

____________________ is the philosophy where an action is determined to be morally right and outweighs any harm it might cause

Utilitarianism

________ philosophies embrace the idea that people are equal to other life forms

Eastern philosophies

____________________ philosophies teach that man dominates God’s creations

Western philosophies

Cows are considered the most sacred of all animals in the ____________ religion

Hindu

________________ is a doctrine of non-violence or non-killing

Jainism ahimsa

All but ___________ are forbidden food items according to kosher laws (birds of prey, insects, pork, hunted deer, hunted cattle, shark, lobster, turkey, and horses)

Turkey

The ________________ religion forbids the eating of all meat and animal products

Jainism

The spirit of ___________________ in Buddhism means the friendliness toward all living things

Metta

_____________, a doctrine of non-violence or non-killing, means without injury and comes from Hindu and Buddhist philosophies.

Ahimsa

_______________ meat cannot include birds of prey, shellfish, or hunted animals

Halal

____________________ is the country where the “Jump of the Goat Fiesta” takes place

Spain

What is the major difference between Eastern and Western philosophies regarding

animal use?

Eastern philosophies generally view humans as part of nature and morally equal to other life forms, emphasizing harmony and non-violence. Western philosophies traditionally place humans above animals, granting humans dominion and allowing animal use for food, labor, and research, provided certain ethical constraints are met.

Why did the United States Army feel that killing all the bison would lead to the final solution of ridding the West of Native Americans?

The bison were central to Native American survival, culture, religion, and economy. By exterminating the bison, the Army aimed to destroy the food source and cultural foundation of Native tribes, forcing dependence on government aid and relocation to reservations.

Describe the reverence the Native Americans had for the bison they killed. How can one kill an animal and still have respect, honor, and love for that animal?

Native Americans believed the bison gave its life willingly. They used nearly every part of the animal, offered prayers or rituals of thanks, and avoided waste. Respect, honor, and love were shown through necessity-based killing, gratitude, and responsible use, rather than exploitation.

List at least three examples of traditional Jewish laws regarding animal welfare (how an observant Jew should treat an animal)

• Animals must be fed before the owner eats

• Animals must not be caused unnecessary suffering (tza’ar ba’alei chayim)

• Proper rest for animals on the Sabbath

• Humane slaughter (shechita) to minimize pain

Animals have been used in experiments for more than _________years

2,000

_____________ used animals in experiments, helping him to create

the sciences of zoology and comparative anatomy.

Aristotle

______________ used animal experimentation to demonstrate that

veins carried blood.

William Harvey

The first known blood transfusions by Dr. Lower in 1665 were

performed on ______ (animal specie).

Dogs

_____________________ was the first law in the modern-day world to

protect farm animals from cruel treatment.

Martin’s Act

___________________ is the largest American animal rights

organization - boasting a $40 million a year budget

PETA

The number of animal shelters supported by this organization in the

United States:

____________

zero

Number of companion animals taken in by American animal shelters

annually: _____________

6–8 million

Number of companion animals euthanized annually in the United

States: ____________

3–4 million

The ______________ is the legislation that included the humane

handling of animals prior to and during slaughter

The Humane Slaughter Act

What year was the American Animal transportation Act passed?

1906

Define soring.

is the intentional infliction of pain to a horse’s legs or hooves to exaggerate its gait, especially in Tennessee Walking Horses.

The _____________ prohibits the showing, sale, auction, exhibition,

or transport of sored horses.

Horse Protection Act

_________________ was the year the Animal Welfare Act first

became law in the United States

1966

Which animals were originally covered by the Animal Welfare Act?

Dogs and cats (focused on preventing pet theft)

What is a DQP?

(Designated Qualified Person) is an individual designated to ensure animals are handled and transported humanely.

The _________________ Act makes it a felony and imposes a fine of

up to $10,000 and a jail sentence of up to a year for individuals who

injure a person during an attack on an animal enterprise.

Animal Enterprise Protection Act

The ______________ requires animal shelters to hold and care for

dogs and cats for at least five days before providing them to a dealer.

Pet Theft Act

Why did H*tler denounce Christianity as a “symptom of decay?”

tler viewed Christianity as a weakening moral force that promoted compassion and humility, values he believed undermined authoritarian control and racial ideology.

What types of laws did the N*zis pass to protect animals in 1930s

Germany

passed laws regulating:

• Animal experimentation

• Slaughter methods

• Wildlife protection

• Companion animal treatment

What are the objectives of most animal rights organizations?

• Eliminate animal use by humans

• End animal research, farming, and entertainment

• Grant animals legal rights

What are the objectives of most animal welfare organizations? What

are the differences?

• Improve humane treatment

• Regulate animal use

• Reduce suffering while allowing use

What is the leading, radical, terrorist animal rights group in both the

United States and Great Britain?

Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

What are the two methods established by Claude Bernard in 1865 that

are still used today in experiments using the principles of scientific

method? Will the cloning of animals help reduce the numbers of

animals (replications) required in the scientific method? (See the later

section on cloning.)

• Observation

• Experimentation

The _________________ was the first legislation in the world to

regulate the use of animals in research.

Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876

What was Bernard’s justification of using animals in research?

Bernard argued animal experimentation was necessary to advance medical knowledge and save human lives.

Why did Bernard feel that monkeys should not be used in animal

research?

Claude Bernard believed that monkeys should not be used in research because they are too similar to humans, both anatomically and behaviorally. He argued that this close resemblance would blur the moral boundary between humans and animals, making experimentation ethically troubling and socially unacceptable.

CHAPTER 1

Philosophy allowing animal use for human benefit with compassion

Utilitarian philosophy

People who believe humans can do whatever they want to animals

Dominionists

Movement advocating minimal animal use with humane treatment

Animal welfare

Movement insisting animals have moral rights equal to humans

Animal rights

Federal law setting standards for animal care

Animal Welfare Act

1985 act requiring NIH guidelines and alternatives

Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act of 1985

CHAPTER 4

In 1959, _______, written by Russell and Burch, described a method of

minimizing unnecessary suffering and use of animals in laboratories.

The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique

_______________ means (whole-animal) research.

In Vivo