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Cognitive development
Suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. This theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
Jean Piaget
Proponent of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, Pre-Operational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational Stage
4 Stage of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2 years
In this stage, infants interact with the environment by manipulating objects.
Object permanence
The main achievement in the sensory motor stage. It is also knowing that an object still exists even if it is hidden.
Preoperational stage
Ages 2 to 7
Children learn to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. They also tend to be very egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
Concrete Operational Stage
Ages 7 to 11
During this stage, children begin to think logically about concrete events. They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that quantity, length, or numbers of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object or items.
Formal Operational Stage
Age 12 and up
People develop the ability to think about abstract concepts—skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning.
Moral Development
Suggests that individuals progress through six distinct stages of moral reasoning from infancy to adulthood. These stages are grouped into three.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Proponent of Moral development
Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional
3 levels of Moral Development
Pre-conventional
This level is common in children but adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Morality is seen as outside the self, a set of rules imposed by authority that must be followed to avoid punishment or receive a reward.
Obedience and Punishment Orientation and Individualism and Exchange
Stages in Pre-conventional
Obedience and Punishment Orientation
The individual is good to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.
Individualism and Exchange
Children recognize that there is not just one right view handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different view points.
Conventional Level
At this level, the individual abides by the standards learned from parents or society
Good Interpersonal Relationships and Maintaining social order
Stages in Conventional level
Good Interpersonal Relationship
The individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others.
Maintaining the social order
The individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.
Post-conventional Level
Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individuals rights and justice.
Social contract and Individual Rights and Universal Principles
Stages in Post-Conventional level
Social contract and Individual rights
The individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.
Universal principles
People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. This principle apply to everyone..
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