me exam 3 study guide pt2

Nubia

Ancient region along the Nile, south of Egypt, known for its rich culture and kingdoms like Kush

Hijaz, Najd (Nejd)

Regions of Saudi Arabia; Hijaz contains Mecca and Medina, Najd is the central plateau.

Musandam Peninsula

Omani exclave near the Strait of Hormuz, strategic maritime location.

Horn of Arabia

Refers to the Arabian Peninsula, sometimes used to refer to nearby Horn of Africa region.

“Cradle of Civilization”

Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq; origin of early urban societies.

Sultanate

A territory ruled by a Sultan; common in Oman and historical Islamic states.

The Republic of Yemen

Formed in 1990 from North and South Yemen unification.

Pan-Arab Leader

Refers to figures like Gamal Abdel Nasser who promoted Arab unity.

Houthis

Shia rebel group in Yemen, backed by Iran, fighting Saudi-backed government forces.

Proxy War, Saudi ‘border wall’

Reference to Yemen-Saudi conflict and border security efforts.

Buffer State

Jordan, between Israel and broader Arab world, often seen as politically neutral.

Muslim Brotherhood – Egypt

Islamist organization founded in Egypt, influential in regional politics.

Hamas

Palestinian Islamist political/militant group governing the Gaza Strip.

Camp David Accord

1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by the U.S.

1st, 2nd Arab countries to sign peace treaties with Israel

Egypt (1979), Jordan (1994).

Palestinian Authority

Governing body in West Bank, formed after Oslo Accords.

Gaza Strip

Palestinian territory governed by Hamas; subject to blockades and conflict with Israel.

West Bank

Palestinian territory under partial Israeli occupation; key issue in peace process.

Citizenship Path for Palestinians

jordan and turkey

Coptic Christianity

Indigenous Christian tradition of Egypt.

Maronite Christianity

Eastern Catholic sect primarily in Lebanon.

“Switzerland of the Middle East

Lebanon

Resurrection of a ‘Dead Language

Hebrew – Revived as a spoken language with the rise of Zionism and the founding of Israel.

Italian Colonial Presence (20th cent.)

Focused on Libya and parts of the Horn of Africa.

Harsh French Colonial Treatment of Population

Algeria – Noted for violence, long war for independence (1954–62).

Theocracy / Theocratic Government

System where religious leaders rule; e.g., Iran.

Fruit Seller Suicide / Self-Immolation

Mohamed Bouazizi, catalyst of the Arab Spring (Tunisia, 2010).

Population with High % Palestinian Descent

Jordan has the largest percentage of people with Palestinian heritage.

trucial coast/States/oman

UAE