Lecture-notes-in-General-Biology-2

Plant Anatomy

The study of the structure of plants and how their body parts are positioned, related, and function.

Plant Morphology

The study of the physical form and external structure of plants.

Root system

The part of the plant that is below the ground.

Shoot system

The part of the plant that is above the ground.

Leaf

A green, flattened structure attached to a stem, functioning as a principal organ in photosynthesis.

Cuticle

A waxy, protective layer on the leaf's surface that helps prevent water loss.

Guard cells

Cells that regulate gas exchange and contain chloroplasts.

Mesophyll

The main site of photosynthesis, consisting of palisade and spongy layers.

Monocot

A type of plant with one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, and vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem.

Dicot

A type of plant with two cotyledons, net or reticulated venation, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring.

Plant Nutrition

The supply and absorption of chemical compounds necessary for plant growth and metabolism.

Meristems

Tissues in a plant consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of indeterminate growth.

Xylem

Vascular tissue responsible for water conduction in plants.

Phloem

Vascular tissue responsible for transporting dissolved nutrients and minerals.

Primary Growth

Growth that results from the apical meristem, producing new cells that lengthen the plant.

Secondary Growth

Growth that results from lateral meristems, responsible for thickening of stems and roots.

Auxins

Plant hormones that prevent growth in lateral buds, resulting in apical dominance.

Stamen

The male part of the flower, consisting of an anther and filament.

Pistil/Carpel

The female part of the flower, made up of the stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.

Adventitious roots

Roots that arise above ground.

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without gametes, producing clones of the parent.

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction involving gametes, resulting in genetically unique offspring.

Gametogenesis

The formation of egg and sperm.

Budding

Reproduction from an outgrowth on the parent’s body.

Parthenogenesis

Reproduction involving an unfertilized egg that undergoes mitosis.

Monoecious animals

Animals that possess both male and female reproductive organs.

Dioecious animals

Animals with male reproductive organs in one individual and female in another.

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

Neuron

A cell that transmits messages, receiving stimulation and carrying impulses.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that recognize and neutralize pathogens.

Universal donor

Type O blood, which can be given to any blood type.

Universal recipient

Type AB blood, which can receive from any blood type.

Hydrostatic skeleton

A fluid-filled compartment within the body providing support.

Exoskeleton

A hard, external encasement on the surface of an organism.

Endoskeleton

Hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms.

Sarcomere

The functional unit of muscle that contracts.