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Urbanization

Rapid growth of cities caused by industrialization, immigration, and rural-to-urban migration.

Primary causes of urban growth

Industrial jobs, immigration, and mechanized agriculture reducing rural labor needs.

New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews, and Slavs.

Challenges faced by new immigrants

Nativism, low wages, dangerous jobs, overcrowded housing, and discrimination.

Ellis Island

Major immigration processing center for immigrants entering the United States.

Tenement housing

Overcrowded and poorly constructed urban housing for working-class families.

Urban public health problems

Disease, poor sanitation, unsafe water, and fire hazards.

Settlement houses

Community centers providing social services, education, and healthcare to urban poor.

Jane Addams

Progressive reformer who founded Hull House in Chicago.

Goals of settlement house movement

Improve living conditions, promote education, and assist immigrant assimilation.

Expansion of public education

Growth of compulsory schooling to prepare workers and citizens.

Mass entertainment

Popular culture including movies, sports, amusement parks, and newspapers.

Consumer culture

Economy increasingly driven by advertising, leisure, and mass-produced goods.

Westward expansion after the Civil War

Settlement driven by railroads, land policies, and agricultural opportunity.

Role of railroads in western settlement

Enabled transportation, market access, and migration.

Federal land policies

Encouraged farming and settlement through land grants.

Native American reservations

Lands where tribes were forcibly relocated and confined.

Dawes Act (1887)

Law that divided tribal land into individual allotments to encourage assimilation.

Impact of Dawes Act on Native Americans

Loss of tribal land and erosion of Native culture.

Mechanization of agriculture

Increased production through machinery such as reapers and tractors.

Problems faced by farmers

Falling crop prices, rising debt, and dependence on railroads and banks.

Agricultural overproduction

Surplus crops leading to declining prices and farmer hardship.

Farmer political activism

Led to organized protest movements and reform demands.

American imperialism

Expansion of U.S. influence beyond its borders in the late 19th century.

Motivations for imperialism

Economic expansion, nationalism, Social Darwinism, and missionary zeal.

Imperialism debate

Conflict between supporters of expansion and anti-imperialists.

Causes of the Spanish-American War

Cuban rebellion, yellow journalism, and sinking of the USS Maine.

Spanish-American War (1898)

Short war that marked U.S. emergence as a global power.

Results of the Spanish-American War

U.S. gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

Philippine-American War

Armed resistance by Filipinos against U.S. rule.

Significance of Philippine-American War

Exposed contradictions between American imperialism and democratic ideals.

Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Crisis of Industrial Capitalism

Progressive Movement

Reform movement aimed at addressing social, political, and economic problems of industrialization.

Progressive beliefs

Faith in government intervention, expertise, and rational planning.

Political reforms of Progressives

Direct primaries, initiative, referendum, and recall.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of U.S. senators.

Trust-busting

Government action to regulate or break up monopolies.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened antitrust laws and protected labor unions.

Child labor reform

Efforts to limit or ban child labor in factories and mines.

Women’s suffrage movement

Campaign to secure voting rights for women.

Temperance movement

Effort to limit or ban alcohol consumption.

Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal

Progressive agenda promoting consumer protection, labor fairness, and business regulation.

Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom

Reform program emphasizing antitrust enforcement and economic competition.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Created a central banking system to regulate the money supply.

Chapter 29: America and the Great War

U.S. neutrality in World War I

Initial policy of avoiding involvement in European conflict.

Reasons for U.S. entry into WWI

German submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram.

War Industries Board

Agency coordinating industrial production for the war effort.

Home-front mobilization

Expansion of federal control over industry, labor, and resources.

Women during World War I

Entered industrial jobs and expanded public roles.

African Americans during WWI

Migration to northern cities for industrial work.

Espionage Act (1917)

Law criminalizing interference with the war effort.

Sedition Act (1918)

Law punishing criticism of the government or war.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Plan promoting self-determination and international cooperation.

League of Nations

International organization proposed to prevent future wars.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty ending World War I, rejected by the U.S. Senate.

Chapter 30: The Crisis of Democracy (1920–1933)

Red Scare

Fear of radical political movements following World War I.

Palmer Raids

Government raids targeting suspected radicals and immigrants.

Republican dominance of the 1920s

Pro-business administrations of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover.

Laissez-faire policies

Minimal government regulation of the economy.

Consumer economy of the 1920s

Growth fueled by credit, advertising, and mass consumption.

Stock market speculation

Risky investment practices contributing to economic instability.

Immigration Act of 1924

Established strict national quotas favoring northern Europeans.

Scopes Trial

Court case highlighting conflict between science and religious fundamentalism.

Ku Klux Klan resurgence

Revival of white supremacist organization targeting minorities and immigrants.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Collapse of stock prices triggering the Great Depression.

Causes of the Great Depression

Overproduction, unequal wealth distribution, and financial instability.

Hoover’s response to the Depression

Limited government intervention and reliance on voluntary action.

Chapter 31: The New Deal (1933–1939)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President who expanded federal power in response to the Great Depression.

New Deal

Series of programs aimed at relief, recovery, and reform.

First New Deal

Focused on immediate economic relief and recovery.

CCC

Program providing jobs for young men in conservation projects.

AAA

Program aimed at raising agricultural prices by limiting production.

NRA

Program encouraging industrial cooperation and fair competition.

TVA

Regional development program providing electricity and flood control.

Second New Deal

Shift toward long-term economic reform and social welfare.

Social Security Act

Created pensions for the elderly and assistance for the unemployed.

Wagner Act

Protected workers’ rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

WPA

Large-scale jobs program for public works and arts projects.

Opposition to the New Deal

Criticism from conservatives and radical reformers.

Supreme Court opposition to New Deal

Court struck down several New Deal programs.

Court-packing plan

FDR’s failed proposal to expand the Supreme Court.

Recession of 1937

Economic downturn that slowed New Deal reforms.

Significance of the New Deal

Permanently expanded federal responsibility for economic security.