Exam 4 Invertebrate Protostome Animals

In protostomes, the blastopore develops into which structure?

The mouth

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cell fate is characteristic of protostomes?

Determinant cells

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Lophotrochozoa, a subgroup of protostomes, grow in which manner?

Continuously

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Acoelomates typically have which characteristic related to movement?

More complex movement supported by muscle

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What is a defining feature of acoelomates in terms of body organization?

More complex organ systems

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Flatworms belong to which group?

Acoelomates

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What is a key body characteristic of flatworms?

Dorsoventrally flattened bodies

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Flatworms possess which type of nervous system structure?

Ganglia (clusters of nerve cells)

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Which organism is an example of a flatworm?

Planaria

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Cephalization in flatworms provides them with what advantage?

Sensory cells for detecting light and odors

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Flatworms have which type of digestive tract?

Incomplete digestive tract

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What is the function of excretory cells in flatworms?

To excrete excess water

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How do flatworms perform gas and waste exchange?

Directly across their thin body wall

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What does cephalization provide flatworms?

Sensory cells for detecting light and odors

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Flatworms possess which type of digestive system?

Incomplete digestive tract

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What is a primary role of excretory cells in flatworms?

Removing excess water

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How do flatworms exchange gases and eliminate waste?

Across their thin body wall

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Free-living flatworms belong to which general group of flatworms?

Free-living flatworms

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Which organism is an example of a free-living flatworm?

Planaria

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Flatworms are divided into how many major groups?

Three

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Which group of flatworms includes flukes and blood parasites?

Parasitic flatworms

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Fasciola is an example of what type of organism?

A liver fluke

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Flukes belong to which subgroup of flatworms?

Parasites

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Tapeworms are classified as which type of organism?

Intestinal parasites

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Taenia is an example of which group of flatworms?

Tapeworms

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Tapeworms belong to which major flatworm category?

Parasitic flatworms

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Rotifers belong to which major animal group?

Pseudocoelomates

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What type of habitat do rotifers typically live in?

Small, freshwater environments

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Rotifers possess which type of digestive system?

A complete digestive tract

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What is the function of the ciliated crown in rotifers?

Feeding and movement

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Trophi in rotifers are used for what purpose?

Grinding food (jaws)

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Lophophorates belong to which major body plan group?

Coelomates

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What is a lophophore?

A circular body fold with ciliated tentacles around the mouth

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What is the primary function of the lophophore?

Filter feeding

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Moss animals are also known as what?

Bryozoans

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How do bryozoans typically live?

In intricate colonies

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Bugula is an example of which type of organism?

A bryozoan (moss animal)

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What is segmentation in segmented worms?

Division of the body into multiple repeated units

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What advantage does segmentation provide regarding organs?

Organs can be replicated in each segment

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Why is having multiple redundant segments beneficial?

Allows specialization of different segments

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Which of the following is an example of segment specialization?

Reproductive, gill, and nervous segments

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Replication of muscles in each segment provides what benefit?

Efficient burrowing

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Earthworms belong to which major group of animals?

Terrestrial and freshwater segmented worms

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Earthworms are generally known as what type of feeders?

Burrowers and scavengers

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What are setae in earthworms?

Hairlike bristles that help with burrowing

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Which of the following is an example of this group?

Earthworm

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Polychaetes are primarily found in which environment?

Marine habitats

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What structural features do polychaetes have in each segment?

Setae and parapodia

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Polychaetes can live in which of the following ways?

Tube-dwelling or free-living

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Which of the following is an example of a polychaete?

Nereis (clamworm)

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Polychaetes are known for which characteristic?

High variability and complex body structures

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What structures in leeches are modified from segments?

Suckers

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Which structures do leeches lack?

Setae or parapodia

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What type of shell is commonly found in molluscs?

A CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate) shell

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What type of digestive system do molluscs have?

Complete digestive system

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What is the function of the radula in molluscs?

Rasping to scrape up food

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Which sensory organ is well developed in molluscs?

Eyes

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Many molluscs are known to be what?

Effective predators

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What unique ability do some molluscs have regarding their appearance?

They can control color patterns

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How many major groups of molluscs are there?

Six

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How many species of monoplacophorans exist?

Only a few species

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What features do monoplacophorans possess?

Single shell and radula

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Monoplacophorans are most similar to which organism?

The ancestral mollusc

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Polyplacophorans are commonly known as what?

Chitons

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How is the shell of a chiton structured?

Composed of 8 dorsal plates

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What is the feeding method of polyplacophorans?

Marine grazers that eat with a radula

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Where do tusk shells typically live?

In sand and mud

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What is unique about the shell of tusk shells?

Single shell open at both ends

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How do tusk shells feed?

Using tentacles and a radula to eat small animals

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What is the general size of tusk shells?

Small

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Which of the following are gastropods?

Snails, slugs, abalone, nudibranchs (sea slugs)

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Gastropods can be found in which habitats?

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

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How do terrestrial gastropods perform gas exchange?

Using a thin mantle cavity

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How do gastropods feed?

Using a radula

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Which of the following are examples of gastropods?

Abalone and conch

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The shell in gastropods is considered what type of characteristic?

An ancestral (primitive) characteristic

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Hermissenda is an example of which type of gastropod?

Nudibranch

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What defensive traits do Hermissenda nudibranchs possess?

Warning coloration and nematocysts in cerata

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Which of the following are bivalves?

Clams, oysters, mussels

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How is the bivalve shell structured?

Hinged and held shut by strong muscles

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What is the body shape of bivalves?

Laterally flattened

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Which of the following are cephalopods?

Squid, octopus, nautilus, and cuttlefish

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In most cephalopods, what is the state of the shell?

Very reduced

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Cephalopods are primarily what?

Highly mobile predators

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How do cephalopods consume their prey?

Using strong jaws (beak) and poison glands

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Which system is well-developed in cephalopods?

Nervous system

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What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?

Closed circulatory system

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Cephalopods exhibit which behavioral characteristic?

Complex behavior and learning ability

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What is the largest invertebrate mentioned?

Colossal squid

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How long can a colossal squid grow?

Over 60 feet total length

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What is a known predator of the colossal squid?

Sperm whales

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What is a key difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Differences in development and coelom formation

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Protostomes include which major group that must shed to grow?

Ecdysozoa

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Nematodes (roundworms) belong to which group?

Pseudocoelomates

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What is the function of the pseudocoelom in nematodes?

Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton and circulates fluids with nutrients and gases

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How long can some nematodes grow?

Up to 1 meter in length

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What type of digestive system do nematodes have?

Complete digestive system

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What types of lifestyles do nematodes exhibit?

Free-living and parasitic forms

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Which of the following is an example of a parasitic nematode?

Enterobius (pinworm)

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Which of the following are arthropods?

Spiders, insects, crustaceans

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