Sustainable Farming the Ocean and Cimate Test Review

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39 Terms

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How does monoculture affect crop biodiversity?
It leads to a reduction due to soil erosion and pollution from pesticides

too much of one plant species can rob the soil of its nutrients

Raising a single crop has drawbacks as it increases the risk of disease and pest outbreaks because monocultures lack other plant and animal species that limit the spread of disease and control pests through predation.
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How do GMO crops affect biodiversity?
It can be toxic to untargeted species

Existing species can be overrun by more dominant new species
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What are the advantages of organic farming?
Its safe, cleaner, generates a lower carbon footprint, reduces erosion, more sustainable long term
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What are the disadvantages of organic farming?
expensive, labor intensive, lower land use efficiency, crop yields are lower, no-till farming is often less successful b/c no herbicide use
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What is integrated pest management (IPM)?
Effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that uses
chemical and non-chemical practices and tries to reduce crop damage with the least
amount of damage to the environment
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What are some advantages integrated pest management?

less genetic resistance of pests, reduces pest control/fertilizer/water costs

reduce risks to wildlife and human health.
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What are some disadvantages integrated pest management?
more involved planning, time and energy consuming, more outside knowledge

it requires expert knowledge about each pest situation. It takes more time than does use conventional pesticides.
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What is soil salinization?
The increasing salt concentration in plants as repeated irrigation happens and evaporations leaves salt deposits behind that are toxic to plants
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How does soil salinization affect crops?
Can dehydrate crops decreasing their yields
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How can soil salinization be prevented.
not over irrigating and using efficient irrigation
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How can we repair soil salinization?
by treating salty drainage water and setting up desalting plants
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Theory of Island Biogeography
The number of species on an island result from an equilibrium between immigration and
extinction which are effected by the distance from the mainland, also islands that are
more isolated receive less immigrants than those who are less isolated
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HIPPCO
habitat destruction, invasive species, population growth, pollution, climate change,
overexploitation, these are the main factors that cause a loss in biodiversity
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Habitat Fragmentation
parts of a habitat are destroyed leaving behind smaller parts (ex: construction)
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Primary Productivity
rate at which biomass is produced by organisms that convert inorganic substrates into
complex organic substances

rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem
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Aquatic Biomes
productivity greatest in swamps and least in open ocean
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FRESH Aquatic biomes
Lake, stream ,river, freshwater wetland(super productive, reduces
floods/droughts)
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SALT Aquatic Biomes
Mangrove swamp(salt tolerant), intertidal zone, coral reef, open ocean, salt
march(along the coast and high productivity)
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What are freshwater lakes
Littoral Zone, Limnetic Zone, Profundal zone, benthic zone
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Littoral Zone f or sw
near shore, shallow, goes to a depth at which plants can root
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Limnetic Zone f or sw
a lot of sunlight, food is produced here for many consumers
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profundal zone f or sw
to dark for photosynthesis, colder water
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Benthic Zone
decomposers are found here
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saltwater oceans
intertidal, coastal, open, euphotic, aphotic
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intertidal zone
high low tides and organisms must be able to survive changing conditions
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coastal zone
nutrient rich and high biodiversity
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open ocean
most of the ocean with the large

* where whales and large schooling fish live
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euphotic zone/ photic zone
photosynthesis occurs and lots of phytoplankton
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aphotic zone
gets colder + darker as depth increases

many benthic feeders along the bottom
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Why is the air less dense than the equator?
The equator receives direct solar energy compared to other latitudes, the air is warmed
up at the equator and this air becomes less dense then rises (atmospheric convection)
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thermocline
Layer in the water in which the temperature changes very quickly
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upwelling
Deep, nutrient rich, cold water rises to the surface and replaces the warmer water
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Coriolis effect
due to rotation of the earth, currents divert to right in Northern hemisphere + left in southern hemisphere

( right in north) (left in south)
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what factors affect the patterns of ocean surface currents
Patterns of surface currents are determined by wind direction, Coriolis forces from the
Earth's rotation, and the position of landforms that interact with the currents
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ENSO
El Nino southern oscillation
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El Nino
weak upwelling and deep thermocline, east pacific water warms and trade
winds weaken, occurs in the tropical east pacific
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La nina
strong upwelling and shallow thermocline, increased phytoplankton
concentrations in the east
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what does el Niño create
causes warmer temperatures, which eventually fall, and when they have
fallen substantially enough, La Nina occurs.
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Solar Insolation
The amount of solar radiation reaching an area that’s measured in watss/m^2

* Depends on the angle of the earth and how directly rays strike the earths surface
* Also the amount of atmosphere the suns rays pass through
* Equator has higher insolation and the poles have lower