psych ch 7, 8, and 11

Learning

relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience

conditioning

ability to connect stimuli with responses

2 types of conditioning

classical and operant

Classical conditioning

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces an involuntary response

Ivan Pavlov

russian physiologist studying dogs digestive system

classical conditioning→ realized that dogs would start drooling before the food was even out

What are the basic principles of classical conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Unconditional response (UR)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

something that triggers a naturally occurring involuntary response

unconditioned response (UR)

the naturally occurring involuntary response that follows the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

a neutral stimulus that evokes a similar involuntary response as the UR after being repeatedly paired with the US

conditioned response

acquired involuntary response to the CS

Eating food (US)

salvation (UR)

tone (NS)→

eating good (US)→ salvation (UR)

tone (CS)→

salvation (CR)

acquisition

occurs when the Neutral stimulus and US are repeatedly paired→ response increases

1st extinction period

conditioned stimulus presented repeatedly without US

response decreases

Spontaneous recovery

CS presented again following post extinction pause

response increases

Generalization

tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble original CS

Little Albert beign scared of anything that looks like a rat

Discrimination

tendency to response differently to similar (but not identical) stimulu

Second order conditioning

existing CS serves as US for a new CS

tone stimulus is replaced with showing a black square, making the dog drool

Ex of classical condtioning

phobia, food aversion, drug use

phobia

strong, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation

food aversion

potentially harmful associations learned very quickly

drug use

repeated exposure to drug (US) leads to tolerance (UR)

location and or other people become CS

operant conditiongs

learning based on consequences of a voluntary behavior

law of effect

behavior→ pleasant outcome→ repeat the behavior

behavior → unpleasant outocme → do not repeat the behavior

edward thondikes puzzle box

shaping

shaping

guiding behavior to desired outcome through success approximation to final desired behavior

BF skinner

Skinner box (operant chamber)

Reinforcement

influence or likelihood of repeating a behavior

always increases behavior

punishment

always decrease behavior

positive

always adding something

negative

always subtracting something

positive

always adding something

negative

always subtracting something

positive reinforcement

adds desirable

teat

positive punishment

adds undesirable

electric shock

negative reinforcement

subtraction undesirable

negative punishment

subtracts undesirable

reinforcement tells us

punishment tells us

what to do

what not to do

reinforcement is

more pleasant

Punishing unlikely to truly

stop many behaviors

schedules of reinforcement

continuous

partia/intermittent

ratio

interval schedules

based on time intervals between reinforcement

2 types: fixed interval and variable interval

fixed interval

payday/ pay schedule

variable interval schedule

avg amount of time

surfing

ratio schedule

based on ratio of responses to reinforcement

2 tpyes: fixed ration and variable ration

fixed ratio

every 5 lever presses animal gets food

chore chart

varaible ratio

avg 5 lever presses (can be 2, 3, 5, 7, 5)

slot machines

Primary reinforces

stimuli that are naturally preferred

food

secondary reinforcers

neutral stimuli that has become associated with primary reinforcers

money

insight

sudden understanding of a problems solution

koher’s chimpanzees

insight learning

trial-and-error→ contemplation → idea

latent learning

learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so

cognitive map

tolman’s rats (maze)

latent learning

group 1: always reinforced with cheese when completing maze

2: never reinforced

3: reinforced starting day 11

Observational learning

learning by watching the behavior of others

advantages of observation learning

avoids injury

growth

healthcare and flying a plane

Bobo doll

children treated the doll the same way adults did

Bandura and his colleagues had demonstrated that these children had learned new behaviors, simply by observing and imitating others.

classical conditioning in advertising

certain characters associated with a particular product

Geico

classical conditioning in advertising applied

US: enjoyable ad

UR: positive feelings in response to add

CS: product featured

CR: positive feeling toward product

Operant conditioning in social dilemmas

a situation in which the most positive outcome for individual may lead to negative outcomes for the group

easy to be selfish; deciding on a time delay

The prisoners delima options

both stay silent

she stays silent but you confess

she confesses but you stay silent

both confess

both stay silent

Each serves three years in jail

she stays silent but you confess

You go free

Taylor serves thirty years in jail

she confesses but you stay silent

You serve thirty years in jail

Taylor goes free

Both confess

Each serves ten years in jail

Memory

the ability to store and retrieve info over time

cognition

processes of acquiring and using knowledge

Explicit memory

knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

2 types of explicit memory

semantic and episodic

semantic memory

knowledge of facts/concepts about the world

episodic memory

first hand experiences that we have made

recall memory test

bringing from memory info previously remembered

short answer

more challenging

steps of recall memory

1. generating an answer

2. determining whether it seems to be the correct answer

recognition memory test

determining whether inof has been seen/learned before

one step: determining the correct answer

Multiple choice

relearning

assessing how much more quickly info is processed or learned when studied again after being learned and forgotten

implicit memory

influence of experience on behavior even without concious awareness

two types of implicit memory

procedural and primary memory

procedural memory

“how to” memory

classical conditioning effects it

primary memory

changes in behavior as a result of frequent and/or recent experiences