Intro to pathology

What is inflammation?

An initial response of the tissue to local injury

What is disease?

The body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions.

What are signs?

Measurable or objective manifestations.

What are symptoms?

Feelings that the pt describes-subjective manifestations.

What is iatrogenic?

Disease caused by a physician or treatment.

What is a nosocomial infection?

Hospital or acute care facililty acquired infection.

What is a community acquired infections?

Contracted from the public outside of a health care facility

What is idiopathic?

Cause of disease is unknown

What is a diagnosis?

The identification of a disease an individual is believed to have.

What is a prognosis?

The predicted course and outcome of the disease.

What are the 5 clinical signs of inflammation?

Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), and loss of function.

What is a permeable membrane?

Allows fluids/cells to pass from onoe tissue to another tissue.

What is granulation tissue?

Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue.

What is pyogenic bacteria?

Pus (dead white blood cells) producing bacteria

What is an abscess?

Localized, usually encapsualted, collection of fluid

What is bacteremia?

Potiential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels.

What is tissue regeneration?

Process in which damaged tissues are replaced by new tissues that are essentially identical to those replaced.

What is debridement?

Removal of dead tissue on cellular level or with human intervention.

What is edema?

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.

What is anasarca?

GENERALIZED edema occurs w/ pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissue throughout the body.

What is an elephantiasis?

Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in LOCALIZED edema

What is ischemia?

An interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ.

What can cause ischemia?

Narrowing of an artery (atherosclerosis), thrombotic occlusion, and embolic occlusion.

What is infarction?

A localized area of ischemic necrosis w/in a tissue or organ.

What is hemorrhage?

A rupture of a blood vessel that allows blood to escape internally or externally.

What is a hematoma?

Accumulation of blood trapped within the body.

What is neoplasia?

Latin word for "new growth" defined as an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells.

What is atrophy?

A reduction in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

What is hypertrophy?

Increase in the size of the cells inn response to a demand for increased function.

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue

What is dysplasia?

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation.

What is neoplasia?

Ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells.

What is oncology?

Study of neoplasms (tumors)

What is benign?

Growth which closely resembles their cells of origin in structure and function

What is malignant?

Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures.

What is metastasize?

Malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites.

What is carcinoma?

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin.

What is anaplastic?

Undifferentiated cell growth-without form (bizarre).

What is a sarcoma?

Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue.

What is the major route of carcinoma to metastasize?

Lymphatic spread

What type of spread allows malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli?

Hematogenous spread.

What is the assessment of aggressiveness or degree of malignancy?

Grading (G1: deferential -G4: undeferential)

How is staging for grading determined?

1. Extensiveness of tumor at the primary site

2. Presence or absence of mets to lymph nodes and distant organs.

What is the study of determinants of disease events in given populations?

Epidemiology

What is the rate of illness/ abnormality occurrence?

Morbidity

What reflects the number of deaths by disease per population?

Mortality

What is a hereditary disease?

An abnormality in DNA (genetic info contained in nucleus)

What are autosomes?

44 chromosomes other than X and Y

What genes always produce an effect?

Dominant genes

What genes manifest when a person is homozygous for the trait?

Recessive genes

What are mutations?

Alterations in the DNA structures that may become permeant hereditary changes

What are the 3 types of immune reactions?

Anaphylactic, cytotoxic reaction, and delayed

What immune reaction occurs within minutes?

Anaphylactic (like asthma)

What immune reaction occurs when the antibody binds to an antigen on a target cell?

Cytotoxic reaction (like rheumatic heart dz or Graves' dz)

What are antigens?

Foreign substance that evokes an immune response.

What are antibodies?

Immunoglobulin responding to the antigen (harmless)

What is immune?

Protected against antigens; antibodies binding with antigens to make them harmless

What is active immunity?

Forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid

What is a vaccine?

Contact with dead or deactivated microorganisms to form anitbodies

What is a toxoid?

Treated toxin w/ antigenic power to produce immunity by creating antibodies

What is an anaphylactic reaction?

Hypersensitive reaction resulting in a histamine release.

What are examples of personal protective equipment?

Gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection

What are transmission based precautions?

Used in ADDITION to Standard Precautions

1. Airborne

2. Contact

3. Droplet

What causes AIDS? Who is most at risk?

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)

Young homosexual men and IV drug abusers

What is considered trauma I?

Requires treatment in 30-60 minutes

Airway compromised (hemo/pneumothorax, intubation), penetrating injuries to head, neck, torso and extremities proximal to elbow and knee, 2+ long bone fractures, extremity trauma w/ loss of pulse, amputation proximal to wrist/ankle, pelvic fx, open/depressed skull fx, paralysis or spinal cord/ cranial nerve injury, hemorrhage, and severe burns

What is considered trauma II?

Required treatment in 60 minutes

Fall > or = 20ft, MVA > 40 mph other crashes >20mph, crush/degloved/mangled extremity, open fx, femur fx, trauma w/ prolonged LOC, pregnancy w/ abdominal pain or trauma

What is considered trauma III?

Required treatment w/in 60-120 minutes

Age >55, Falls:5-20ft, less severe burns, lower risk crashes: <40mph for MV or <20mph other, amputation to distal extremities, medical comorbidity, near drowning/hanging

A patient who suffered a pelvic fracture is considered what level of trauma?

1

Exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses may result in alterations in the DNA called?

Mutations

A patient who is over the age of 55 is generally what class of trauma?

3

Of the 5 clinical signs of acute inflammation, the medical term for swelling is?

Tumor

Some complications in the healing process includes?

Damaged nerve cells

What type of immune reaction occurs when the T-cell finds the antigen and activates macrophages (like MS)?

Delayed

The patient whose arm has been degloved is what level trauma?

2

An example of a nosocomial infection is?

Staph infection

A patient in a MVA at speeds less than 40MPH is considered a ____ type of trauma?

3