Introduction to Science & Science Systems

These flashcards cover key concepts and principles discussed in the lecture on science and scientific systems.

What is science?

Science is both a body of knowledge acquired through observation and experimentation, and the ongoing process of acquiring new knowledge.

What are the basic principles of science?

1. Empiricism 2. Uniformitarianism 3. Parsimony 4. Uncertainty 5. Repeatability 6. Proof is elusive 7. Testable questions.

What is deductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning involves going from general principles to specific conclusions.

What is inductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning goes from specific observations to broader generalizations.

What is the scientific method?

The scientific method includes observing, proposing a hypothesis, testing, developing a null hypothesis, gathering data, analyzing results, and revising hypotheses.

What is a null hypothesis?

A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference, and it serves as a starting point for hypothesis testing.

Why is scientific confidence important?

Scientific confidence arises when many tests and a large majority of experts reach a general consensus on findings.

What distinguishes sound science from pseudoscience?

Sound science is testable and based on evidence; pseudoscience presents unfounded claims as scientific.

What is the difference between dependent and independent variables?

The independent variable is the factor that is altered to observe its effect, while the dependent variable is the response measured.

What is homeostasis in systems?

Homeostasis refers to a system's ability to maintain stability or equilibrium despite disturbances.