Apush unit 2

How did Spain seek colonial wealth

they sought power and control over the indigenous people

how did the French and dutch seek colonial wealth

the French and dutch sought colonial wealth through partnership with the indigenous people

how did the British seek colonial wealth

through partitioning, or separating, themselves from the indigenous people

What was spain’s main goal with power in america

they wanted minerals like gold and silver and they wanted cash crops with enslaved labor

How did the Spanish use native subjugation in the form of the encomienda for power?

the encomienda system( Spanish crown granted an encomendero a tract of land). The indigenous people living on that land were forced to mine or farm. The encomendero responsible for protecting indigenous people tried to convert them to Christianity. However, the Spanish crown enacted the New Laws in 1542 in an attempt to curb encomendero’s power and mitigate harsh treatment

Who strongly advocated against the encomienda system?

Bartolome De Las Casas argued against the system.

What became the main form of native subjugation after the encomienda system?

The haceinda system became the main Spanish labor system in the Americas. In this system, the encomendero owned the land, they were not just granted it. The indigenous laborers were not technically enslaved. However, laborers tied to land in debt-repayment systems.

How did the Spanish use Christianity for power?

They used chrtisan conversion. For example, Don Juan De Onate subdued Pueblo peoples and established the capital of Santa Fe. Missionaries came behind him to set up the mission system. At first some Pueblo accepted Christ, but the priests were upset because they did not accept christ as their only God. This is an act of erasing and redefining the indigenous culture.

Explain the Pueblo revolt of 1680

The natives were upset with the Spanish missionaries so they fought back. However, the Spanish came back after.

How did the Spanish use a new social order to gain power

They made the caste system which separated people based on race

What did Samuel De Champlain do?

He founded the first permanent French settlement in Quebec.

Henry Hudson

The Dutch sent him to look for the northern passage. Although he did not find it, he founded new amsterdam.

Who were the Huguenots?

The Huguenots were French Calvinist who were heavily persecuted in France so they came to the Americas in large amounts

How did economic prosperity play a role in English colonialism of America

It influenced them to set up Jamestown in the hopes of finding gold. They did not find gold so many of the settlers died in the first year

How did the lack of social mobility in England lead to colonialism

People had limited upward mobility in England. Primogentiure Laws made it to where only the oldest son could legally inherit land. Younger brothers looked towards the new world

How did religious freedom play a role in English colonialism

Puritans and separatists wanted to get away from the Anglican church of England. The puritans believed the church could be reformed or purified from the inside by remaining part of it. The separatists believed that the church was hopeless and therefore the true protestant church could only be formed from the outside, by separating from it. The king of England pressured them so the pilgrims went to America. They were meant to head to Virginia but they landed in Plymouth. They established a god-centered society where they could worship freely.

How did improved living conditions play a role in English colonialism

There was rapid population growth. Parliament passed enclosure laws that allowed landlords to claim public land for livestock. The land granted was slowly making common land go away. The common land was a vital resource for poor citizens who had no land of their own. Many relied on it to feed their livestock. Landless poor began to migrate to the New World to improve their standard of living.

What are the four regions of the American colonies

New England, Middle, Chesapeake and North Carolina, and Southern

New England colony (Plymouth Colony)

The first settlement there was the Plymouth settlement. It was founded by separatists (pilgrims) who left Great Britain to pursue religious freedom and economic opportunity. They migrated as whole family groups and wanted society to operate in line with Christian principles. They wrote the Mayflower Compact which created the conditions for self government in the new colony. Only elite adult males could participate in the mayflower compact. They first starved but then eventually accepted help from the indigenous people. They were able to debate policies in town hall meetings.

New England colony (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

It was settled by family groups, and they organized their government and society according to the bible. John Winthrop referred to it as the city upon a hill because everyone could look towards this colony as a Godly example of how a colony should be run. All free, property-owning men could vote on policy which is a larger proportion of voters than back in England. They debated policy in town hall meetings in which majority-rule won. Eventually this colony and the Plymouth colony combined.

Roger Williams

Puritan minister from New England that did not support merging church and state. He though religious toleration would make a better society. He was banished from Massachusetts for these beliefs.He founded what would become the Rhode island colony which was religious friendly.

Anne Hutchinson

She lived in New England which is a society that declared men spiritually superior. She believed everyone had equal access to Holy Spirit inspiration. She also went to Rhode Island.

Four characteristics of the New England colonies

They were deeply religious. They had rocky soil/harsh winters so there was limited agriculture. There were church-centered communities. They exported fish and lumber.

Middle colonies (New York)

New York was originally New Amsterdam until King Charles II sent the duke of York to turn it into New York. It became a thriving trading colony with the abundance of rivers and sea ports. There were rich alleys and rich soil which made valuable grain exports. The middle colonies as a whole became known as the bread basket. New York was home to a diverse group of European immigrants.

Royal Colony

A royal colony is a colony in which the governor and the council are appointed directly by the monarch. An example of this is New Jersey. New Jersey shared the same characteristics as New York.

Middle Colony Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn. He was a quaker. Quakers emphasized individual religious experience. They were pacifists so they did not want to join the military. They refused to support clergy with taxes. Pennsylvania became a refuge for quaker and religious dissenters. They treated the indigenous populations with dignity while emphasizing equitable diplomacy. The colony guaranteed freedom of worship. They were very democratic because policy decisions were made by elected representative assembly. There economic sector grew rapidly. Like other middle colonies, they exported grain and other crops.

Characteristics of the middle colonies

They had good soil so there agriculture was booming. They had diverse populations due to religious tolerance so it led to economic opportunity. There was less participatory (town hall) than in New England but more than the south.

Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies

Jamestown was the first colony in America and this region. The main goal was money. The migrants were single men looking fora quick profit. Many first settlers started to die. John Rolfe led colonist to plant and harvest tobacco which had high demand in Great Britain. The soil eventually worsened due to planting it year after year. Tobacco led to plantation style plots. They were more agricultural in this region compared to northern colonies. African slavery replaced indentured servitude as main labor system in this region. It was a democratic region. They established the House of Burgesses which acted as a representative government. This inspired later forms of self governance.

Characteristics of Chesapeake and North Carolina Colonies

Warm weather allowed for sprawling plantations with the main export being tobacco. The region expanded westward and clashed with indigenous peoples. House of Burgesses was a step towards democracy. Overtime politics were ruled by a small group of elite planters. By the end of the period the dominant source of labor was enslaved Africans.

British west indies

Enslaved labor had a high concentration here. Due to the proximity to the equator, this area has long warm growing seasons. The most profitable crop was sugarcane. The geography was defined by large plantations. As increased demand for sugar started to occur, more laborers were needed. Enslaved Afrcans outnumbered white colonist 4:1. They were nervous so they passed the Barbados slave codes.

Barbados slave codes

series of laws that stripped all rights from black workers. granted white planters complete power over laborers.

Southern colony (South Carolina)

It was established as a royal colony. It economically specialized in the fur trade and it supplied food for the west indies. They could not have their own food in the west indies due to all of the sugar cane plantations. Not long though planters started bringing their slaves (and slave codes) with them to south Carolina. South Carolina mirrored the British west indies but they had rice and indigo plantations. There was a rigid social hierarchy with the top being wealthy planters, middle being common white planters, and the bottom being dominant black population.

African preservation of culture in the southern colonies

The west African slaves refused to accept Christianity. They opposed Christianity with their native belief system, Vodun.

Characteristics of South Carolina

They had large, plantation style agriculture with enslaved Africans. They had a rigid social hierarchy enforced by race laws. Politics were restricted to small a small group of elite planters.

What is triangular trade?

a system of exchange in which Europe supplied Africa and the Americas with finished goods, the Americas supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials, and Africa supplied America with enslaved laborers.

Colonial production under mercantilism

The colonial economies focused on producing high demand commodities. They often focused their whole economy on these exports. Sugarcane is a good example of this because it dominated the colonial economies of Barbados and Jamaica.

What effects did the colonial economic style under mercantilism have on workers?

There was an increased demand for enslaved laborers. They were forced to do the intensive work of planting and harvesting. There were also native workers besides just the high level of African slaves. Many laborers died doing the work so it increased the demand of new laborers.

What is Mercantilism

An economic system that emphasized a favorable balance of trade because there was a set amount of capital. (exports> imports)

What is the point of the mercantilist system in the colonies?

The purpose was to enrich the mother state.

The Navigation Act of 1651

An act passed in England which imposed rules on Trade. Imported goods had to be taxed through English ports. Traded goods had to be transported on English ships. Highly valuable gods could only be exported to England.

Salutary neglect

Colonists realized they could ignore the Navigation Act without punishment. It was not a formal policy but it happened because Britain was not paying attention.

Dominion of New England

A super colony that combined New Jersey, New Work, Connecticut, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. It was made by Britain to supervise the colonies. It had a king-appointed governor who was above colonial elected assemblies. The governor appointed local officials to replace the elected official.

Glorious Revolution

Parliament in England overthrew King James and re-established their own governmental powers. They appointed new monarchs William and Marry. Rebellions broke out in the colonies upon hearing of revolution. It led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England. This allowed for elected colonial assemblies to return.

Colonial trade with American Indians

Colonists introduced European goods such as metal tools, firearms, and horses. The indigenous groups that received guns had a power dynamic. There was also a spread of diseases such as smallpox and measles which led to mass death. The native Americans became more vulnerable to manipulation and internal division due to the increased dependence on European goods.

Bacons Rebellion

A group of poor indentured servants began attacking native Indian groups on the frontier of Virginia. One of these groups was an ally of the british. They gean to attack the governor William Berkeley who fled from his attackers. Berkeley was able to secure reinforcement from the british navy and was able to put down the rebellion. Afterward, the colony became under more direct control of Britain because if the colony is busy protecting against future rebellions, they are not serving their purpose under the Mercantilist system.

Why did Britain loosen its grip on some of the policies that aimed to tighten their control over the colony?

They did this after the glorious revolution and the mounting expenses of continually getting involved with managing colonial disputes.

Beaver Wars

intermittent conflicts throughout the 17th century. The Iroquois Confederacy emerged victorious which reshaped power dynamics in Great Lake region. It displaced several indigenous people groups in the region. This war was over conflicts were over the control of the fur trade. It was the French vs English and dutch alongside respected Indian tribes.

Affect of displaced peoples from the Beavers war

The people moved south and west into places where colonist were expanding so conflicts arose.

Metacom’s War (King Philips War)

New England settlers kept pushing west so the Wampanoag eventually retaliated. Metacom is the leader of the tribe and was given the name Philip by English while trying to have peace. Wampanoag tried to coexist. The indigenous groups banded together to fight the English, but the war ended when the English killed metacom. This war temporarily slowed colonial expansion but there were too many indigenous deaths to continue resisting settler expansion.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Spain expanded and strengthened empire via mission system ( catholic missionaries converting people). The pueblo people continued to practice their indigenous belief system. There was a growing resentment against the encomienda system and population loss on account of disease. The Pueblo decided to rebelled led by a man named Pope who believed driving out Spanish and returning tradition would bring peace and prosperity. They killed Catholic priests and settlers and destroyed Catholic churches.

Spanish after Pueblo revolt

They eventually came back 10 years later and killed a bunch of the Pueblo. Once they came back, they made accommodations. They offered land grants to the Pueblo and appointed representatives to uphold Pueblo rights and interests.