AB Psych Final Exam

what are prevalence rates for suicide attempts with guns based on gender?

56% male suicide attempts use guns vs 32% in women

what are some examples of long terms stressors that can lead to suicide?

serious chronic illness, social isolation, abusive environments, occupational stress

what are some jobs with increased risk for suicide attempts?

unskilled laborers, psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, police, farmers

what is a way of thinking that is either all good or all bad that can lead to increased risk of suicide?

dichotomous thinking

what percent of people are legally intoxicated when attempting suicide? What age range is more at risk of this?

25% of suicide attempts in teen and young adults are intoxicate

what is the estimated amount of people who attempt suicide that actually have a mental disorder?

estimated 54%, though some think 90%

what is contagion effect?

increase in suicide attempts after a celebrity of loved one completes suicide

what age range is most at risk of contagion effect?

teenagers

what are some risky behaviors in children that can relate to suicidal ideation?

running away, accident proneness, temper tantrums, self criticism, social withdrawal, dark fantasies, and marked personality changes

what disorders are at an increased risk for suicidal ideation?

severe depression, chronic alcoholism, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorders

what age range has the highest completion rates of suicides? Why?

Elderly people are often more determined to die if they attempt suicide and are most likely to complete suicide

Who is Conrad Roy?

A teenage who was encouraged to take his own life by his girlfriend. The girl was found to be a liability, which set a precedence for lawmaker’s understanding of suicide

what patients are suicide hotlines most prepared/ effective for?

high risk patients

what is a retrospective analysis?

psychological autopsy where clinicians piece together information about a person’s suicide from the persons past (can be used to seen if the person may have had a mental disorder)

what is postvention

postsuicide programs that are meant to prevent a suicide epidemic by meeting with affected individuals for indivdual or group therapy

what is a theory for why suicide attempts are much higher in adolescents?

the age is enough stress and change that is could bring about suicidal ideation fairly easily, increase in attempts could be to express feeling desperate rather than wanting to end their own life

what is crisis intervention regarding suicide?

 treatment approach that tries to help people in psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis

what is anorexia nervosa?

disorder marked by pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss because of an intense fear of becoming overweight, often has distorted views of weight and shape, there are two types

what is restricting type anorexia?

cutting sweets or fattening snacks, then increasingly eliminating foods. Eventually they have almost no variability in their diet.

what is binge eating/purging type anorexia?

losing weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics, and they may engage in binges

what is the four letter word of suicide?

only

what is the four letter word of eating disorders? (specifically anorexia + bulimia)

diet

how does body dysmorhpia relate to ED’s?

can cause low opinion of appearance, make someone overestimate their physical proportions, and cause distorted thinking (perfectionism, feeling intense guilt/ avoidance of guilt)

what are some common comorbidities with eating disorders?

depression, anxiety, general low self esteem, insomnia, substance abuse, OCD patterns (rigid rule behaivors), perfectionism

what are some medical concerns associated with anorexia + bulimia?

amenorrhea, low body temp, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone density, lower heart rate, metabolic/ electrolyte imbalances, dry skin, brittle nails, poor circulation, and lanugo (thinner hair)

what is the timeline of binging + purging?

1+ time a week

what is the general weight of someone with bulimia nervosa?

average weight that may have clear/strong fluctuation, could gradually develop into anorexia criteria

what is a problem with excessive vomiting that can make it hard to eat healthily?

it can prevent someone from feeling normatively full (it alters a person’s ability to understand body ques, may make them feel hungrier)

is binging common after any strict diet period, even without a bulimia nervosa diagnosis?

yes

what is common thought process that relates bulimia and anorexia?

intense fear of gaining weight

what is bulimia nervosa?

disorder marked by frequent eating binges followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight (binge-purge syndrome)

what is a mentality specifically associated with bulimia nervosa?

focus on pleasing others, being attractive, and being more prone to mood swings or intolerance of frustration

what is alexithymia?

inability or limited ability to name, identify, or communicate your emotions or mood

what are some subcultures at greater risk for developing an ED?

models, actors, athletes

what is the biggest distinguishment between athleticism and disordered behaviors?

motivation behind the extreme exercise

what are risk signs for an ED in female athletes?

low energy availability, disruptions of menstrual cycle, higher injury risk

what are some sports that have higher risk for ED development in men?

jockeys, race car drivers wrestlers, distance runners, body builders, swimmers

What is binge-eating disorder?

repeated binges where they feel no control over their eating and does not perform inappropriate compensatory behavior.

Do the majority of overweight people have a binge eating disorder?

no

What percentage of people with a binge eating disorder are overweight?

between 1/2 and 2/3

Is dieting a risk for onset of binge eating disorder?

no

What does Hilde Bruch’s ego deficiency theory focus on?

Parent’s ability to accurately interpret a child’s needs, effective vs ineffective parenting.

Is depression thought to be a cause for an eating disorder? If so, how?

Depression effects emotional regulation and eating disorders stem from not being able to recognize or regulate emotions. In addition, antidepressants can often help improve eating disorder symptoms.

what is weight set point theory?

the idea that an individual starts with a genetic predisposition for a certain weight and body type. While that person can deviate from that point, their body will fight against them to regain it’s homeostasis

According to weight set point theory, what might happen in the brain if you are too high or too low from your set weight?

If too low, your lateral hypothalamus will increase hunger cues and lower the metabolic rate of the body. If too high, your ventromedial hypothalamus will attempt to remove hunger cues and increase the metabolic rate.

Are weight concerns typically grown out of as someone gets older?

No, typically once someone becomes self conscious of their body size and weight those are chronic fears that are very hard to fully unlearn.

What was Salvador Minuchin’s enmeshed family pattern?

A problematic family system where members have high enmeshment (hyper involvement, lack of boundaries), overprotectiveness, rigidity (commitment to status quo), and conflict avoidant. This system can prevent a child from getting help.

What are the steps of treating anorexia?

Restore a normative weight, learn to eat normally, work on underlying maladaptive mindsets, work with the family

What are behavioral aspects of treating an eating disorder?

Reward eating properly, monitor feelings, hunger levels, or food intake and connections to those things

what is a cognitive aspect to treating an eating disorder?

learning to identify “core pathology”, recognize the patients need for control, learn to trust internal feelings, change attitudes of weight and eating, and educate about body dysmorphia

is it common for patients with eating disorders to fully recover and not need further help?

Not necessarily. Around ¼ patients struggle with the maladaptive mindset of an ED, 1/3 relapse and need treatment again, and there is often lingering emotional problems.

What are steps to treating bulimia nervosa?

Starting with correcting medical needs, learn good eating, eliminate the cause of bulimic patterns

what is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treating bulimia nervosa?

having a diary to log moods or eating habits, ERP (exposure response prevention) to prolonging the binge-purge behavior until the feeling/need passes (longer a person can sit with the feeling, the less anxiety they will feel)

Is relapse from an eating disorder a sign the treatment is not working for the patient?

relapse is often a stepping stone to recovery and can be triggered by stress

what is psychosis?

a mental state involving loss of contact with reality, causes impairment of functioning

what is schizophrenia?

psychotic disorder where personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorates as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abilities

what is downward drift theory?

argues that because people with a psychotic disorder cannot maintain a reasonable standard of life they become a lower socioeconomic level

what kind of disorders are known as a “wastebasket category”?

schizophrenic / psychotic disorders

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

pathological experiences: symptoms that are excess or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. (delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, disorganized thinking and speech

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

pathological deficiencies: symptoms that are lack of normal thought, emotion or behavior (poverty of speech, flat affect, social withdrawal, catatonia)

what are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia?

awkward movements, repeated grimaces, odd gestures, rigidity, posturing, excitement (manic or inhibited movement)

What is type 1 of schizophrenia?

mainly positive symptoms, later onset, greater likelihood of improvement, linked to biochemical abnormalities in the brain

what is type 2 schizophrenia?

mainly negative symptoms, tied to structural abnormalities in the brain (larger ventricles rather than brain mass)

what is a brief psychotic disorder?

less than a month with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted/inappropriate affect, catatonia

what is schizophreniform disorder?

prevalence of 1-6 months with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted/inappropriate affect, catatonia

what is schizophrenia disorder?

prevalence of 6+ months with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted/inappropriate affect, catatonia

what is schizoaffective disorder?

prevalence of 6+ months with symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode

what is delusional disorder?

prevalence of 1+ month(s) with symptoms of persistent delusions that are NOT bizarre and NOT due to schizophrenia; common ones are persecutory, jealous, grandiose, somatic

what is a psychotic disorder with a medical condition

no specified time frame with symptoms of  hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech from medical illness or brain damage

what is substance induced psychotic disorder?

no minimum time frame with symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech caused directly by a substance

what is the dopamine hypothesis for psychotic disorders?

risk for psychosis based on excess activity of dopamine, which is what makes antipsychotics effective

what are some structural differences in the brain that are linked to schizophrenia?

progressive deficits in gray matter, enlarged ventricles, smaller medial temporal lobe and frontal lobe

what is a psychodynamic view on schizophrenia?

schizophrenogenic mothers, mothers that have symptoms and by acting they impose it on their kids

what is a cognitive opinion on schizophrenia?

uses diathesis stress model and looks at how people with psychosis view their symptoms and how others perceive them

what is a sociocultural opinion on schizophrenia?

family dynamics where expressed negative emotion is constant, met with hostility, criticism, or overinvolvement

what is amphetamine psychosis?

a psychosis state that comes from overdosing on amphetamines, a drug that increases dopamine to the brain

what is the IRB?

ethics committee at a research facility that is motivated to protect rights and safety of human research participants

what is external validity?

the extent that results of a study can be generalizable

what is internal validity?

ability to show one thing is causing another, made possible by controlling for confounding variables

What is a biological perspective to mental health issues?

Atypical brain-body stress routes can contribute to mental health issues, some disorders have genetic predispositions or structural differences

What is a psychodynamic perspective to mental health issues?

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory discusses conflict between the Id and Ego,when the Id is not properly controlled an individual may fear their thoughts or behave irrationally.

What is a behavioral perspective to mental illness?

When a maladaptive behavior is modeled when younger, it can create harmful mindsets. Through classical conditioning, people can develop specific phobias or ritualistic behavior like ocd.

what is a cognitive perspective of mental illness?

Albert ellis’ rational emotive therapy focuses on addressing error in thinking, reframing thoughts, correcting basic irrational assumptions

Aaron Beck’s perspective is based on the cognitive triad (aligning thoughts, feelings, and actions)

What is a humanistic perspective of mental health issues?

Carl rogers’ person centered therapy would focus on conditions of worth and developing unconditional positive regard. Focuses on honesty with the client

What is an existential perspective of mental illness?

Focuses on dysfunction caused by self deception, hiding from responsibility, and feeling a lack of control. The goal is most important, which is achieved by being honest and building good client-therapist relationships.

what is a sociocultural family social perspective of mental illness?

Looks at how people suffer by social connection, poor family roles, societial norms, harm of labels. This perspective discusses the negative risks of diagnoses

what is a sociocultural multicultural perspective on mental illness

Focuses on how people are treated in society. Looks at minority, marginalized, or underepresented groups and how prejudice, discrimination, societial opporutnities and social justice relate to mental illness

what is the perk of a case study?

to provide individual information

what is the correlational method good for?

general information, statistical analysis, and ability to be replicated

what are experimental designs good for?

showing causal relationships, general information, statistical analysis, and ability to be replicated