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Christian Humanism

A movement that emphasized the interpretation of the Bible by individuals using early Christian sources, including holy scriptures and writings of church fathers.

Desiderius Erasmus

A Catholic bishop who criticized the church's issues and spread early Protestant ideas without breaking away from the church.

Martin Luther

A German monk who opposed the Catholic Church's practices, particularly indulgences, and initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who divided his territory between his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand due to exhaustion from ruling.

Sack of Rome (1527)

An event where Pope Clement VII's alliance with Francis during the Habsburg-Valois War angered Charles V.

Diet of Worms

A meeting where Martin Luther was charged with heresy after refusing to retract his statements against the Catholic Church.

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss reformer who altered Catholic practices to align with Protestant beliefs and was executed for heresy.

The Colloquy of Marburg

A failed attempt to unify Lutheran and Zwinglian theologians due to differing biblical interpretations.

Transubstantiation

The belief that bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ during communion.

Consubstantiation

The belief that bread and wine coexist with the body and blood of Christ during communion.

Schmalkaldic Wars

German civil wars where Charles V opposed Protestant forces, believing compromise was impossible.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A treaty that recognized the division of Christianity, granting Lutheranism equal legal status with Catholicism.

John Calvin

A theologian who introduced the concept of predestination and led the Protestant movement in Geneva, Switzerland.

Predestination

The Calvinist belief that God determines who will go to heaven or hell before birth.

Geneva

The city where John Calvin established his teachings on predestination and Calvinism.

Consistory

The governing council in Geneva that enforced Calvinist ideas and had the power to excommunicate individuals.

Anabaptists

A Christian group that believed in re-baptizing individuals who were old enough to make their own decision about faith.

John Knox

A follower of Calvin who brought Calvinist teachings to Scotland, leading to the formation of Presbyterianism.

Henry VIII

King of England known for his six marriages and for establishing the Church of England, separating from the Catholic Church.

Act of Supremacy

A law that recognized the king as the head of the Church of England, requiring allegiance to the monarchy.

Edward VI

The son of Henry VIII who ruled England for six years before dying young due to health issues.

Book of Common Prayer

A liturgical text that allowed clergy to marry and eliminated religious images in churches.

Mary Tudor

Also known as "Bloody Mary," she reinstated Catholicism in England and persecuted Protestants during her reign.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England who established the Anglican Church and allowed private practice of Protestantism and Catholicism.

Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, including the establishment of new religious orders.

Council of Trent

A significant meeting where the Catholic Church defined its doctrines and practices in opposition to Protestant beliefs. Such as having good faith and good deeds can get one into heaven, purgatory and indulgences were affirmed, seven sacraments were kept, and they wanted people to come to the church to have the bible translated for them.

Huguenots

French Calvinists who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

A decree that granted Huguenots the right to practice their religion in certain towns in France.

Philip II

The Spanish king who sought to convert Protestant states to Catholicism and faced opposition in the Netherlands. Ruled Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, and the Spanish territories

Spanish Armada

A fleet sent by Philip II to invade England, which was defeated by Queen Elizabeth I.

Mary Stuart - Queen of Scots

A Catholic claimant to the English throne who was executed for plotting against Elizabeth I.

St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre

a result of Catholics killing Protestants within the wedding weekend of King Henry III Sister.

Revolt of the Netherlands

Phillip trying to take control of the Netherlands, Phillip trying to get rid of Calvinism, and Phillip using tax money for other expenses

Council of Blood

A council that tired to oppress protestants and had murder involved

William of Orange (the Silent)

Dutch nobleman who tried to unify all 17 provinces by leading them against the spanish

What is the outcome of the civil war in the Netherlands?

10 southern provinces? Gave into Spanish Rule and formed a catholic union. Now named the Spanish Netherlands.

7 northern provinces? (Union of Utrecht) (1581) Formed a protestant union and tried to oppress Spanish rule and declare their independence

Politique

 A politique was a person that prioritized a Nation's interests over their own which made them very good political figures.

Henry of Navarre (Bourbon dynasty)

Involved in the War of Three Henries and was the only survivor. Gave up his protestant faith in order to become king of France

French Wars of Religion

The war of the three Henry’s, ended with Henry of Navarre became Henry IV and Contained some cities that tolerated protestant beliefs, but mostly France was still mainly Catholic.

New Orders: Jesuits, Capuchins, Carmelite & Ursuline nuns

All responses to the protestant reformation during the Catholic counter reformation.