Social 20-1 Final

Nation

Nation

shared state of mind or shared characteristics such as beliefs, language, religion, traditions, cultures and customs

Nation-state

country that has physical borders and a single government. based on either ethnic/civic nationalism, or both

Patriotism

love of their country

Self determination

power to control one's own affairs

Sovereignty

political authority to control one's own affairs

Cultural ethnicity

pre-existing characteristics such as language, ethnicity, culture or traditions lead to a shared sense of nation.

Ex; Japan

Civic Nation

share values & beliefs, choose to live together in a nation-state. Values and beliefs are often expressed in a constitution

Civic Government

means a government formed by citizens

Civic Engagement

means the involvement of citizens

Constitution

a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

Ethnic Nationalism

nationalism that is founded on shared ethnicity, culture and language

Civic Nationalism

suggests a that a sense of nation emerges from the creation of a nation-state

-when a number of peoples choose to live together according to certain laws...

National Identity

kind of collective identity that is shared by large groups of people

Myths

shared stories, ideas and beliefs that may or may not be accurate

Revolution

a major change, like the overthrow of one kind of government for another government that is wanted by the people

First Estate

clergy

Second Estate

nobility - aristocrats

Third Estate

common people

Bourgeoisie

lived in towns and cities, became prosperous in business or by practicing a craft or profession- working middle class

The Enlightenment

reason and science challenge the thought of the estates, Robespierre spoke to King Louis XVIs

-think for yourself and question everything

Tennis Court Oath

1789: a promise to not disband until France had a written constitution that had equal rights for all men

Collective Consciousness

internal consciousness, or awareness, shared by many people

Loyalty

quality of being loyal to someone or something

Cultural Pluralism

belief that holds that collectives should be encouraged to affirm and promote their unique cultural identity in a diverse society

Reasonable Accommodation

The legal requirement to modify or adjust a workplace, educational setting, or other environment to enable individuals with disabilities to have equal opportunities and access.

Contending Loyalties

loyalties compete

Reconciliation

an act of resolving differences and repairing relationships that enables people to come to terms with past injustices and to coexist in peace

Non-nationalist loyalty

loyalty that is not embedded in the idea of nation. people may be loyal to and identify with family, friends, a region, idea, a collective group, way of life, and a culture

Alienation

the experience of feeling left out or being on the outside.

Segregation

forced separation of racial groups.

Responsible Government

government that answers to the people rather than to colonial powers

Institution

an organization established for and united by a specific purpose

Ex; education, social assistance, and cultural events

Patriated

transferred control of the British government to that of the Canadian government

Ex: patriated Canadian Constitution of 1982

Equalization Payments

revenues from federal taxes that are paid by the Canadian government to less prosperous provinces to ensure that public serves are more or less equally available

Economic nationalists

people who believe that a countries businesses and industries should be protected against foreign interests

Pluralism

belief that a society should reflect an inclusive approach that encourages diversity

Asymmetrical federalism

concept that all Canadian provinces and territories may not share power with the federal government in the same way.

absolute poverty

condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information.

Appeasement

giving into demands. foreign policy practices by Britain and the US when they granted Hitler concessions in an effort to avoid a WWII

Bilateralism

agreements between two countries to work toward resolving issues that concern both countries

Unilateralism

policy of a country responding to events on its own without agreements with, or support from, other countries

Isolationism

policy whereby a country completely opts out of participating in international social, economic, political and military affairs

Ex; US

Multilateralism

Process of organizing relations between groups of three or more states.

Civil society

A vital component of democratic societies, it refers to the collective action and organizations outside of the government and business sectors. It encompasses various groups, such as non-profit organizations, community associations, and advocacy groups, working to promote social change, protect human rights, and address public concerns.

Supranationalism

Is a form of international cooperation where multiple nations voluntarily pool their sovereignty to work towards common goals. It involves the creation of supranational institutions, like the European Union, to make decisions that affect member countries collectively. Examples include shared currency, open borders, and unified policies."

Common Human Heritage

the cultural inheritance from the past that all people share and that is preserved in world heritage sites, traditional skills and knowledge, and the arts

decolonization

process that occurs in a former colony when the imperial power withdraws.

Gross Domestic Policy

monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Foreign-policy

plan of action that guides a governments decisions about its official relations with other countries

Domestic policy

plan of action that guides a governments decisions about what to do within a country

Gross domestic product

value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year

Gross national income

total value of the goods and services produce by a country within a year, whether inside or outside it's borders

Genocide

killing of members of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; and deliberately inflicting on the group, conditions of life calculated to being about physical destruction

Crimes against humanity

widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population, including murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape or sexual slavery, enforced disappearance of persons, and the crime of apartheid

War crimes

wilful killing, torture, or inhuman treatment; wilfully causing great suffering; and intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population or those involved in conflict

Odious debt

debt that is incurred by a despotic power- loan used by a government to oppress its people

Peacekeepers

armed forces who maintain peace by keeping enemies apart until a crisis can be resolved through diplomacy and negotiation

Peacemaking

allowing armed forces that were originally sent to maintain peace in a region of conflict to use force for reasons other than self-defence

Tied aid

help that is given with string attached

Ex; country receiving aid will buy goods and serves only from the country or organization supplying the aid

Trickle-down effect

theory that when people in developed countries have more money to spend, they will buy goods and serves offered by businesses in less developed countries, eventually strengthening economies in the developing world

Voluntary-Balkanization

separation of like-minded people into isolated groups that are hostile to people whose values differ from their own

Pre-revolutionary France

divided into the three estates; based on wealth, privilege and family connection

King Louis XVI lived a life of luxury with his wife Marie Antoinette (from Austria) while being hated by many french citizens who lived in extreme poverty

Old Regime

Monarch has absolute power

Estates General

contains representatives from each estate, voting was done by estate and not by head so the third estate always got outvoted

Declaration of the rights of man

liberty, equality, security, the right to own property and resistance to oppression

Reign of Terror

Austria, Prussia and Spain feared the spreading o the revolution so they sent forces to invade France

Louis and Marie were charged with treason and imprisoned

Creation of the National Convention which brought on the guillotine

Naitonal Convention

Monarchy was abolished

France became a republic

New constitution

Creation three groups:

-Girdondins~less extreme, favoured constitutional law

-Plains~ favoured some private, some central power

-Jacobins~ extremists, favoured central power

Jacobins

Lead by Robespierre

wanted to execute the King and abolish private property and decide the "general will" for the people

Eventually Louis and Marie were killed, along with Robespierre

The Directory

five men

new constitution including many of the previous rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man

ended by Coup d'etat of Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general born in Corsica

Emperor of France after uniting factions

Defeated at Battle of Waterloo

Napoleonic Code

French civil code

modernized the government and laid foundations for public education

forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified

French Revolution 1789-1799

Led to the end of the monarchy

Ended when Napoleon took power in 1799Historical factor was the "Storming of the Bastille" in 1789

Social factor was unequal system with three estates

Economic factor was extreme debt and taxation

Geographic Factor was drought and poor crops

Political Factor was the National Assembly and "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"

Adolf Hitler

Charismatic Leader

Promised to restore people's national pride

Refuse to recognize Treaty of Versailles

Rebuild German army and reclaim lost territory

Restore power of master race (Aryan race, white europeans)

War Measures

1914

Gave broad power to Canadian government to maintain security and order during war

European Union

Based on Treaty of Maastricht

Political union/supranational body

Goal is peace, security, justice and free trade area

WHO

Internationalist approach

Treating human health

Economic Sanctions

Cutting off trade with a country in an effort to force it to follow a particular course of action

INGO's

Any organization not establish by intergovernmental agreement

Official Languages Act

Canadian Law that gave French and English equal status in the government of Canada

Meech Lake Accord

916 Series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and 10 provincial premiers

Royal Commission

1941 Public inquiry establish to examine an issue, hear testimony from people involved and recommend ways of coming to a solution

Triple Alliance

Central Powers led by Germany

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy alliance

Triple Entente

Alliance of Britain, France, and Russia

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty between Germany and victorious Allied Nations

Harsh conditions imposed on Germany

Reduce German military strength

Pay war reparations

Big Four

Council of Four

Woodrow Wilson of United States

David Lloyd George of Britain

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy

Georges Clemenceau of France

Propaganda

Techniques used to influence public opinion by manipulating emotions, beliefs, and biases through biased information and persuasive tactics.

Conscription Crisis

Canada in WW1 1917:

Introduced conscription

Farmers were worried about crops

Quebec Francophones felt no connection to Britain/France and so did not want to be conscripted

Nazi

National Socialist German Workers Party aka Nazi Party

Led by Hitler

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan

Not involved in politics

His country soon turned to ultranationlism and militarism

Successor State

Country created from collapse of previous state

Tojo

Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and who assume dictatorial control of Japan during WW2

Ultranationalist

Kristallnacht

Night of the Broken Glass 1938

Nazi thugs destroyed anything Jewish related (businesses, shops etc.)

League of Nations

Made up of 58 countries

Created after WW1 to maintain peace and prevent another war

If one country invaded another it would:

-Order the aggressor to leave the territory

-Impose trade sanctions on aggressor

-use military force against aggressor

Total War

War that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, territory, combatants involved, or objectives pursued.

Security of each individual is bound up in the security of the nation as a whole

Internment

Putting a person in prison/camp

Great Depression

1929

Sudden crash in share prices caused economic turmoil in many countries

Unemployment rose

Government had hard time taking care of the needs of citizens with no jobs

Holocaust

Large scale slaughter of Jewish people in Germany

Ethnic Cleansing

Everyone not a part of the ethnic nation should be expelled

Weimar Republic

Democratic government of Germany

Constitution was drawn up at Weimar

Overthrown in 1933 and replaced by Hitlers Third Reich

Final Solution

Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews