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Nation
shared state of mind or shared characteristics such as beliefs, language, religion, traditions, cultures and customs
Nation-state
country that has physical borders and a single government. based on either ethnic/civic nationalism, or both
Patriotism
love of their country
Self determination
power to control one's own affairs
Sovereignty
political authority to control one's own affairs
Cultural ethnicity
pre-existing characteristics such as language, ethnicity, culture or traditions lead to a shared sense of nation.
Ex; Japan
Civic Nation
share values & beliefs, choose to live together in a nation-state. Values and beliefs are often expressed in a constitution
Civic Government
means a government formed by citizens
Civic Engagement
means the involvement of citizens
Constitution
a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.
Ethnic Nationalism
nationalism that is founded on shared ethnicity, culture and language
Civic Nationalism
suggests a that a sense of nation emerges from the creation of a nation-state
-when a number of peoples choose to live together according to certain laws...
National Identity
kind of collective identity that is shared by large groups of people
Myths
shared stories, ideas and beliefs that may or may not be accurate
Revolution
a major change, like the overthrow of one kind of government for another government that is wanted by the people
First Estate
clergy
Second Estate
nobility - aristocrats
Third Estate
common people
Bourgeoisie
lived in towns and cities, became prosperous in business or by practicing a craft or profession- working middle class
The Enlightenment
reason and science challenge the thought of the estates, Robespierre spoke to King Louis XVIs
-think for yourself and question everything
Tennis Court Oath
1789: a promise to not disband until France had a written constitution that had equal rights for all men
Collective Consciousness
internal consciousness, or awareness, shared by many people
Loyalty
quality of being loyal to someone or something
Cultural Pluralism
belief that holds that collectives should be encouraged to affirm and promote their unique cultural identity in a diverse society
Reasonable Accommodation
The legal requirement to modify or adjust a workplace, educational setting, or other environment to enable individuals with disabilities to have equal opportunities and access.
Contending Loyalties
loyalties compete
Reconciliation
an act of resolving differences and repairing relationships that enables people to come to terms with past injustices and to coexist in peace
Non-nationalist loyalty
loyalty that is not embedded in the idea of nation. people may be loyal to and identify with family, friends, a region, idea, a collective group, way of life, and a culture
Alienation
the experience of feeling left out or being on the outside.
Segregation
forced separation of racial groups.
Responsible Government
government that answers to the people rather than to colonial powers
Institution
an organization established for and united by a specific purpose
Ex; education, social assistance, and cultural events
Patriated
transferred control of the British government to that of the Canadian government
Ex: patriated Canadian Constitution of 1982
Equalization Payments
revenues from federal taxes that are paid by the Canadian government to less prosperous provinces to ensure that public serves are more or less equally available
Economic nationalists
people who believe that a countries businesses and industries should be protected against foreign interests
Pluralism
belief that a society should reflect an inclusive approach that encourages diversity
Asymmetrical federalism
concept that all Canadian provinces and territories may not share power with the federal government in the same way.
absolute poverty
condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information.
Appeasement
giving into demands. foreign policy practices by Britain and the US when they granted Hitler concessions in an effort to avoid a WWII
Bilateralism
agreements between two countries to work toward resolving issues that concern both countries
Unilateralism
policy of a country responding to events on its own without agreements with, or support from, other countries
Isolationism
policy whereby a country completely opts out of participating in international social, economic, political and military affairs
Ex; US
Multilateralism
Process of organizing relations between groups of three or more states.
Civil society
A vital component of democratic societies, it refers to the collective action and organizations outside of the government and business sectors. It encompasses various groups, such as non-profit organizations, community associations, and advocacy groups, working to promote social change, protect human rights, and address public concerns.
Supranationalism
Is a form of international cooperation where multiple nations voluntarily pool their sovereignty to work towards common goals. It involves the creation of supranational institutions, like the European Union, to make decisions that affect member countries collectively. Examples include shared currency, open borders, and unified policies."
Common Human Heritage
the cultural inheritance from the past that all people share and that is preserved in world heritage sites, traditional skills and knowledge, and the arts
decolonization
process that occurs in a former colony when the imperial power withdraws.
Gross Domestic Policy
monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.
Foreign-policy
plan of action that guides a governments decisions about its official relations with other countries
Domestic policy
plan of action that guides a governments decisions about what to do within a country
Gross domestic product
value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year
Gross national income
total value of the goods and services produce by a country within a year, whether inside or outside it's borders
Genocide
killing of members of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; and deliberately inflicting on the group, conditions of life calculated to being about physical destruction
Crimes against humanity
widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population, including murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape or sexual slavery, enforced disappearance of persons, and the crime of apartheid
War crimes
wilful killing, torture, or inhuman treatment; wilfully causing great suffering; and intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population or those involved in conflict
Odious debt
debt that is incurred by a despotic power- loan used by a government to oppress its people
Peacekeepers
armed forces who maintain peace by keeping enemies apart until a crisis can be resolved through diplomacy and negotiation
Peacemaking
allowing armed forces that were originally sent to maintain peace in a region of conflict to use force for reasons other than self-defence
Tied aid
help that is given with string attached
Ex; country receiving aid will buy goods and serves only from the country or organization supplying the aid
Trickle-down effect
theory that when people in developed countries have more money to spend, they will buy goods and serves offered by businesses in less developed countries, eventually strengthening economies in the developing world
Voluntary-Balkanization
separation of like-minded people into isolated groups that are hostile to people whose values differ from their own
Pre-revolutionary France
divided into the three estates; based on wealth, privilege and family connection
King Louis XVI lived a life of luxury with his wife Marie Antoinette (from Austria) while being hated by many french citizens who lived in extreme poverty
Old Regime
Monarch has absolute power
Estates General
contains representatives from each estate, voting was done by estate and not by head so the third estate always got outvoted
Declaration of the rights of man
liberty, equality, security, the right to own property and resistance to oppression
Reign of Terror
Austria, Prussia and Spain feared the spreading o the revolution so they sent forces to invade France
Louis and Marie were charged with treason and imprisoned
Creation of the National Convention which brought on the guillotine
Naitonal Convention
Monarchy was abolished
France became a republic
New constitution
Creation three groups:
-Girdondins~less extreme, favoured constitutional law
-Plains~ favoured some private, some central power
-Jacobins~ extremists, favoured central power
Jacobins
Lead by Robespierre
wanted to execute the King and abolish private property and decide the "general will" for the people
Eventually Louis and Marie were killed, along with Robespierre
The Directory
five men
new constitution including many of the previous rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man
ended by Coup d'etat of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general born in Corsica
Emperor of France after uniting factions
Defeated at Battle of Waterloo
Napoleonic Code
French civil code
modernized the government and laid foundations for public education
forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified
French Revolution 1789-1799
Led to the end of the monarchy
Ended when Napoleon took power in 1799Historical factor was the "Storming of the Bastille" in 1789
Social factor was unequal system with three estates
Economic factor was extreme debt and taxation
Geographic Factor was drought and poor crops
Political Factor was the National Assembly and "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
Adolf Hitler
Charismatic Leader
Promised to restore people's national pride
Refuse to recognize Treaty of Versailles
Rebuild German army and reclaim lost territory
Restore power of master race (Aryan race, white europeans)
War Measures
1914
Gave broad power to Canadian government to maintain security and order during war
European Union
Based on Treaty of Maastricht
Political union/supranational body
Goal is peace, security, justice and free trade area
WHO
Internationalist approach
Treating human health
Economic Sanctions
Cutting off trade with a country in an effort to force it to follow a particular course of action
INGO's
Any organization not establish by intergovernmental agreement
Official Languages Act
Canadian Law that gave French and English equal status in the government of Canada
Meech Lake Accord
916 Series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and 10 provincial premiers
Royal Commission
1941 Public inquiry establish to examine an issue, hear testimony from people involved and recommend ways of coming to a solution
Triple Alliance
Central Powers led by Germany
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy alliance
Triple Entente
Alliance of Britain, France, and Russia
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty between Germany and victorious Allied Nations
Harsh conditions imposed on Germany
Reduce German military strength
Pay war reparations
Big Four
Council of Four
Woodrow Wilson of United States
David Lloyd George of Britain
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy
Georges Clemenceau of France
Propaganda
Techniques used to influence public opinion by manipulating emotions, beliefs, and biases through biased information and persuasive tactics.
Conscription Crisis
Canada in WW1 1917:
Introduced conscription
Farmers were worried about crops
Quebec Francophones felt no connection to Britain/France and so did not want to be conscripted
Nazi
National Socialist German Workers Party aka Nazi Party
Led by Hitler
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan
Not involved in politics
His country soon turned to ultranationlism and militarism
Successor State
Country created from collapse of previous state
Tojo
Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and who assume dictatorial control of Japan during WW2
Ultranationalist
Kristallnacht
Night of the Broken Glass 1938
Nazi thugs destroyed anything Jewish related (businesses, shops etc.)
League of Nations
Made up of 58 countries
Created after WW1 to maintain peace and prevent another war
If one country invaded another it would:
-Order the aggressor to leave the territory
-Impose trade sanctions on aggressor
-use military force against aggressor
Total War
War that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, territory, combatants involved, or objectives pursued.
Security of each individual is bound up in the security of the nation as a whole
Internment
Putting a person in prison/camp
Great Depression
1929
Sudden crash in share prices caused economic turmoil in many countries
Unemployment rose
Government had hard time taking care of the needs of citizens with no jobs
Holocaust
Large scale slaughter of Jewish people in Germany
Ethnic Cleansing
Everyone not a part of the ethnic nation should be expelled
Weimar Republic
Democratic government of Germany
Constitution was drawn up at Weimar
Overthrown in 1933 and replaced by Hitlers Third Reich
Final Solution
Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews