Levels of Processing

WHO (theory)

Craik & Lockhart

Theory

Duration & strength of LTM dependent on depth of processing

Deeper processing leads to higher/accurate recall

Structural Encoding

Encode physical appearance/features

Phonemic Encoding

Encode sound

Semantic Encoding

Attaching meaning to info & linking it to existing knowledge in LTM

Maintenance Rehearsal

Extend duration of STM by verbally/mentally repeating info

Elaborative Rehearsal

Extend duration of LTM by attaching meaning to info & linking it to existing knowledge

WHO (study)

Craik & Tulving

Aim

Investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall

Method

1. Participants randomly allocated into 3 conditions

   Structural

   Phonemic

   Semantic

2. Shown list of 60 words

3. Answer 1 question for each word

4. Shown list of 180 words incorporating 60 original words

5. Identify original words

Findings

Participants using semantic encoding had higher recall than structural/phonemic encoding

Deeper processing leads to higher/accurate recall

Elaborative rehearsal more effective

Strengths

Support Atkinson & Shiffrin

Inspire more research

Weaknesses

Deception

Cant explain how deeper processing leads to better recall

Vague & hard to measure

Real Life Applications

Education

Reworking

Method of Loci

Imagery

Reworking

Put info into own words

Method of Loci

Link info to familiar location/route

Imagery

Visual representation