reproduction

when does mitosis and meiosis take place?

mitosis = grow, repair tissue

meiosis = to make gametes

during mitosis and meiosis, how do the resulting cells differ from the parent cell?

mitosis = genetically identical to parent cell

meiosis = genetically varied

during mitosis and meiosis, how many cells are produced from each parent cell?

mitosis = 2

meiosis = 4

during mitosis and meiosis, how many times does the parent cell divide?

mitosis = 1

meiosis = 2

after mitosis and meiosis, how many chromosomes are present in each daughter cell?

mitosis = 46 chromosomes (diploid)

meiosis = 23 chromosomes (haploid)

after mitosis and meiosis, how many pairs of chromosomes are present in each daughter cell?

mitosis = 23 pairs

meiosis = no pairs, chromosomes are unpaired

what are the 4 hormones and where are they released from in the menstrual cycle? (FOLP + POPO)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) = Pituitary Gland (brain)

Oestrogen = Ovary

Luteinising hormone (LH) = Pituitary Gland (brain)

Progesterone = Ovary

what is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone?

matures egg

what is the function of the oestrogen hormone?

builds up uterus lining

what is the function of the luteinising hormone?

stimulates ovulation

what is the function of the progesterone hormone?

keep lining maintained if pregnant

how long does the menstrual cycle last for?

28 days

what happens between 0-4 days of the menstrual cycle?

menstruation

what happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

ovulation = egg released 

what happens on day 28 of the menstrual cycle?

process restarts, lining sheds - if pregnant, lining is maintained

name all the charcateristics of asexual reproduction

• doesn’t require gametes

• no fertilisation

• one parent cell required

• genetically identical (clones produced)

name all the characteristics of sexual reproduction

• requires gametes

• fertilisation

• usually 2 parents

• offspring genetically different

define pollination

transfer of pollen, anther to stigma

name the characteristics of insect pollinated flowers

• brightly coloured large petals

• nectaries

• small enclosed stamens and carpels

• sticky stigma

name the characteristics of wind pollinated flowers

• reduced/no petals

• no nectaries

• larger exposed stamens and carpels

• feathery stigma

what are the conditions required for germination? (WOW)

Water

Oxygen

Warmth

why is water a condition required for germination?

to activate enzymes and processes in the seed

why is oxygen a condition required for germination?

the seed can do aerobic respiration, release energy to be able to grow

why is warmth a condition required for germination?

kinetic energy, for optimum enzyme activity in respiration

label the diagram

A = anther

B = filament

C = stem

D = petal

E = stigma

F = style

G = ovary

H = sepal

what is the difference between the ovary and ovule in plant reproduction?

ovary contains ovules which contains one egg cell each

what is a seed?

a fertilised ovule

how is a fruit formed?

a fruit forms when the ovary swells up after fertilisation

how do plants reproduce? (5 steps)

1. pollen grain lands on stigma

2. pollen cells germinate and produce digestive enzymes

3. a pollen tube is formed down the style and enters into the ovule

4. pollen and egg nuclei fuse (fertilisation) forming a zygote

5. the ovary swells and becomes a fruit and ovule becomes the seed coat

what are the adaptations of the placenta?

• thin walls - for short diffusion distance

• rich blood supply - maintain a large concentration gradient

• large surface area - for maximum diffusion

what does the placenta do?

takes away waste products from baby like carbon dioxide and urea

delivers oxygen, glucose, amino acids, water, antibodies

where is sperm made?

testes

where are the eggs in human reproduction made?

ovary

name the stages after fertilisation

fertilisation (nuclei fuse) → zygote → embryo → foetus

what processes happen between the embryo and the foetus?

mitosis + differentiation

what is the cervix?

ring of muscle that holds the baby in place