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Phenotypes
the product of genes interacting with environments
environmentally induced have a a genetic basis, the environment turns of or off certain genes so different phenotypes develop
reaction norm
the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments.
Phenotypic trade-off
A given phenotype experiences higher fitness in one environment, other phenotypes experience higher fitness in other environments
how species evolove and adapt
Phenotypic plasticity
The "ability" of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes.
induced by environment
Phenotypic plasticity Factors
Morphology
Physiology
Behavior
Life history
Phenology
Morphology
deals with form and structure
(e.g., physical defenses, height, size of digestive tract to extract more nutrients).
Physiology
mechanisms and functions of the body
(e.g., digestive enzymes, chemical defenses).
Behavior
organismās response to stimuli
(e.g., habitat use, aggressiveness).
Life History
lifecycle, survival and reproduction events
(e.g., sexual maturity, clutch size).
Phenology
timings of seasonal/cyclical biological events
(e.g., time to start reproduction)
Metabolism
The sum of an organism's biochemical reactions that acquire, use energy and tend to maintain homeostasis
Temperature
Intensity of heat: Average kinetic energy of the molecules in an object or system.
Animals must regulate their internal temperature (homeostasis)
Ā°C or Ā°F.
Thermal Neutral Zone
The temperature range over which an endothermic animal at rest can maintain its metabolic rate and temperature without appreciable change.
Critical upper or lower temperatures
Temperatures disrupting metabolic functions and cellular components in the organisms. Important changes can be detected
Radiation
Heat transfer between two objects in the absence of direct contact (no contact).
sun
Convection
The transfer of heat energy by mass movement of a fluid (gas or liquid).
cup of water (hot/cold)
Conduction
The transfer of energy (heat) from one place to another directly (by physical contact). Heat flows down a gradient from warmer to cooler areas.
holding laptop
Evaporation
Loss of water in the form of vapor. Heat is transferred from an organism to its surroundings as water evaporates from the organismsā surface.
clouds
Endotherms
Rely primarily on internal heat generation, remain active below freezing temperatures, demand high energy (food) to support metabolism animal
Ectotherms
Regulate body temperature through energy exchange with environment, and tolerate great variation in body temperature
Variation in water availability
An organismās water balance is determined by energy exchange with the environment
Migration
The seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.
Temperature
Darkness
Food supplies
Water supplies
Reproduction
Predation
Storage of resources
(reserve of energy) in the tissues, roots
Dormancy
Dramatic reduction of the metabolic processes (physiological shutdown):
Diapause: Insects.
Hibernation: Mammals
Torpor: Small birds and mammals
Aestivation: Snails, desert tortoises, Nile crocodiles