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What is psychology?
the study of mental processes and human behavior
What is a construct?
something that we know is happening, but that can’t be seen
What is physiology?
a physical state
What does cognitive mean?
mental
What are psychological constructs?
used to talk about something we cannot see, touch, or measure
What is a theory?
a statement that attempts to explain the way things are & why they happen the way they do
What is a principle?
A basic truth or law
What are the two reasons why should we study psychology?
Insight - gain a better understanding of our behavior / how psychologists study human and animal behavior
Use that Information - enrich your life experiences by applying what has been learned
What are the four goals of psychology?
Describe - gather information and present the known
Explain - seek why people behave the way they do / theories allow psychologists to describe or explain
Predict - studying past behaviors can predict subsequent behaviors
Control - basic science: research
applied science: using principles to solve problems
Who is William Wundt?
The father of psychology
Who is William James?
The father of American psychology & wrote the first psychology textbook
What is Sigmund Freud known for?
psychoanalysis - that we are driven by unconscious forces
What is Sir Frances Galton known for?
how heredity affects you
What is Pavlov known for?
the conditioning of dogs, ex. being dismissed when the bell rings
What is John B. Watson known for?
We are shaped by external events - behaviorism
What is B.F. Skinner known for?
the concept of a utopia & reinforcements
What is psychiatry?
medicine to help patients
What are cognitive processes?
internal explanations of behavior humans perceive & how they interpret the world
What is humanism?
human nature is active and creative - the human mind can influence and change the world and its functions
capacity to make choices; self-awareness
What is behaviorism?
the scientific study of observable behavior - not the mind
What is structuralism?
basic element of consciousness; introspection; method of self-observation
What is functionalism?
how mental processes help organisms adapt to environment
What is psychoanalysis?
emphasizes unconscious motives and internal conflicts to understand behavior
What is the sociocultural perspective?
the study of influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status
What is the learning perspective?
emphasizes effects of experiences; social learning theory - direct experience or observing others; people can change environments or create new ones
What is the evolutionary perspective?
evolution of behaviors and mental processes
What the Gestalt School perspective?
interpretation of information
learning is active and purposeful
problem-solving is accomplished by interest
What is the biopsychosocial perspective?
a holistic approach
What is the biological perspective?
influence of biology on behavior
look at brain activity, chemicals, hormones, and genes
What is the cognitive perspective?
examines role thoughts play in determining behavior
information processing and memory
What is George Engel known for?
physical treating heart disease
What is Abraham Maslow known for?
humans are active and creative & can influence the world
What is Charles Darwin known for?
adaptive behaviors passed down for survival
What are the steps to the research process?
Form a research question
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyze the results
Draw conclusions
What is replication and why is it important?
The study must be repeated in order for the findings of the study to hold any value
What is bias?
a predisposition to a certain point of view despite what the facts suggest
What is a case study?
an in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group
Why are case studies important?
we may not be able to do a study similar to that today because of ethics
What is the longitudinal method?
when researchers select a group of participants and observe them over a long period of time, typically years or decades
What is correlation?
a measure of how closely related one thing is to another
What is causation?
cause and effect - one thing causes another
What is positive correlation?
as one variable goes up, so does the other
What is negative correlation?
as one variable goes up, the other goes down
What is an independent variable?
the factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect
What is the dependent variable?
the variable that depends on the actions of the independent variable
What is a control group?
the group in the experiment that does not receive treatment
What are ethics?
standards for proper and responsible behavior
What is standard deviation?
a measure of distance of every score to the mean
What is a target population?
the whole group you want to study or describe
What is a survey?
when people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject
Why might surveys be inaccurate?
Examples include:
people lie
it might not reach the target population
the participants might only tell you what they think you want to hear
What is introspection?
the act of carefully examining our own thoughts and feelings
translates to “looking within”
Are you going to kill this test tomorrow??
YES!!
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