ICTN Exam 4

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Personal area network (PAN) -

network that connects devices within the range of an individual person - commonly through Bluetooth

Local area network (LAN)

network that connects devices using wire cables in a small geographic area. Typically owned by an individual or wholly managed by an IT department

Virtual LANs (VLAN)

allow an administrator to segment the ports on a single switch as if it were multiple switches; allow end devices to be grouped together for administrative purposes

Wireless LAN

Wirelessly connects users and devices in a small geographical area using radio waves

Wireless mesh network (WMN)

Uses multiple access points to extend the WLAN

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

Network that spans across a large campus or city; various buildings connected through wireless or fiber optic media

Wide area network (WAN)

connects multiple networks that are in geographically separated locations. Users contract for WAN access from a service provider

Virtual private network (VPN)

used to securely connect to another network over an insecure network, such as the internet

Which type of network applies Bluetooth technology?

PAN

Where do you find internet in the different types of network?

WAN

IPV4 uses…

32-bit binary

IPV6 uses…

128-bit hexadecimal

Network interface card (NIC)

provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other end device

Repeaters

Regenerates weak signals to extend the distance a signal can travel

Hubs

Receive data on one port and send it out to all other ports to extend the reach of a network - legacy devices

Bridge

Keep a record of all the devices on each segment; filter traffic between LAN segments to reduce the amount of traffic

Switches

Microsegments a LAN; filters and segment network traffic by ending data only to the device to which it is sent - legacy device

Wireless access points (APs)

Provide network access to wireless devices, such as laptops and tablets

Routers

Connect networks; use IP addresses to forward traffic to other networks

What layer of the OSI are network devices on?

The third layer - Network layer

Frame

Unit of data on a network

Switches look at…

MAC addresses and frames

Routers look at…

IP addresses and packets

Fiber optic cables

Uses light to transmit signals

Single-mode fiber (SMF)

Consists of a very small core and uses laser technology to send a single ray o flight

Multimode fiber (MWF)

Consists of a larger core and uses LED emitters to send light pulses

Does single-mode or multimode have a longer transmission distance?

SMF

The first part of an IPV4 address…

Identifies the network

The second part of an IPV4 address…

Identifies the device on the network

The subnet mask is used by the device to…

Determine the network

Default gateway

Address of the router

TCP/IP Model

Consists of layers that perform functions necessary to prepare data for transmission over a network - consists of TCP and IP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Tracks all the network connections between a user’s device and multiple destinations

Internet Protocol (IP)

Responsible for adding addressing so that data can be routed to the intended destination

What are the two protocols that operate at the transport layer?

TCP and UDP

Virus

Require human action to propagate and infect other computers; executes and infects the computer

Trojan horse

A program that looks useful but also comes with malicious code; often provided with free online programs such as computer games

Adware

displays unsolicited advertising through op-up web browser windows

Ransomware

Denies a user access to their files by encrypting the files and then displaying a message demanding a ransom for the decryption key

Rootkit

used to gain administrator-account level access to computer

Spyware

Used to gather information about the user and send to cybercriminals

Worm

Self-replicating program that propagates automatically without user actions by exploiting vulnerabilities in legitimate software

Social engineering

an access attack that attempts to manipulate individuals into performing actions or divulging confidential information; single most serious threat to a secure network

Phishing

attacker sends fraudulent email disguised as being from a legitimate, trusted source to trick the recipient

Dumpster diving

In-person type of attack; attacker rummages through trash bins to discover confidential documents

Shoulder surfing

In person attack; attacker inconspicuously looks over someone’s shoulder

Data wiping

Also known as secure erase; software tools specifically designed to overwrite existing data multiple times, rendering the data unreadable

Data degaussing

Using a magnet to disrupt or eliminate the magnetic field on a hard drive; can be done with a wand or electromagnetic device

Are data wiping and degaussing techniques reversible?

No

What is the minimum recommended amount of characters for a password?

8 characters

When an employee leaves an organization…

Immediately disable the account or change the login credentials to the account

Hashing

uses a mathematical function to create a numeric value, called a message digest that is unique to the data

Symmetric Encryption

If a encrypted message is intercepted, it can only be decrypted using the passwork/key that it was encrypted with

Asymmetric encryption

Requires a private key and a public key

RSA is a type of

Asymmetric encryption

WPA2

Uses a wireless encryption system to encode the information being sent to prevent unwanted capture and use of the data

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)

Uses WEP but secures the data with much stronger Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) encryption algorithm

The preferred choice when securing a wireless network is..

The strongest WPA2 security mode possible

WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)

Both the router and wireless device will have a button that when both are pressed, automatically configures Wi-Fi security between the devices; is vulnerable and should be turned off

Port Forwarding

Rule-based method of directing traffic between devices on separate networks

Port triggering

Allows the router to temporarily forward data through inbound ports to a specific device

MAC (Media Access Control)

Hard-coded onto the Ethernet or wireless network interface card by the manufacturer; stays the same

How large is a MAC address?

48 bits

IP Address

Assigned by network administrators based on the location within the network; when device moves from one network to another, it will likely change

802\.11 is the standard for…

Wireless networks

802\.3 is the standard for…

Ethernet networks

Coaxial cables

Use electrical signals over copper/aluminum to transport data

Twisted-pair cables

Copper cabling that is twisted to privde protection against crosstalk

What are some examples of anti-malware programs?

McAfee, Symantec (Norton), Kaspersky, Trend Micro, Bitdefender, etc

Service licensing agreement

Contract that outlines the legal use, or redistribution, of that software. Important because they ensure that the software owner’s copyright is maintained

What type of cable is not affected by EMI or radio frequency interference?

Fiber optic cable

Computer forensics

Collection and analysis of data for criminal investigation

Cyber law

Term to describe the international, regional, country, and state laws that affect computer security professionals

First response

Official procedures employed by those people who are qualified to collect investigation.

Why is first response important?

If the forensic profess is improperly performed, evidence might not be admissible in court

Level one technicians

Primary responsibility is gaining important information from the customer or solve very simple problems

Level two technicians

Receive the work order with the description of the problem, is the one resolving the problem

Do level one or level two technicians have more experience?

Level two technicians

Demilitarized zone (DMZ)

Network that provides services to an untrusted network

Best practices for configuring wireless access points

Basic security settings that are compatible with the existing network security, change the default username of the admin account, assign IP addresses instead of using DHCP

An IPV6 device must always be configured with a…

Link-local IPv6 address

Link-local address

Used by a device to communicate with other computers connected to the same network with the same IP address range

DHCP Server

Service used to automatically assign IP addressing information to hosts

DNS server

Method that computers use to translate domain names into IP addresses

Web server

Provides web resources

Proxy server

Have the authority to act as another computer

Syslog Server

Allows networking devices to send their system messages across the network to syslog servers

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Converts private IPV4 addresses to Internet-routable IPv4 addresses

First step in compressing IPV6 address

Omit leading 0s

Second step in compressing IPV6 address

Omit all 0 segments

Bandwidth

How much data can be received every second

Half-duplex

Sends or receives data one at a time

Full-duplex

Sends and receives data at the same time

What is the OSI layer model?

Physical, Data-Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

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UDP

Simple transport layer protocol, considered unreliable because there is no acknowledgement that the data is received at the destination

WPA2

Industry standard for securing WLANs

Layers in TCP/IP

Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access

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What layer of the OSI are bridges on?

Layer 2 - Data-link

What layer of the OSI are repeaters and hubs on?

Layer 1 - Physical