Rome Unit Test

Etruscans

Main influence of Rome, polytheistic, believed in destiny, surrounded rulers with power symbols, conquered Romans

Romulus and Remus

Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus

Brutus

Led Romans in 509 BCE to overthrow Caesar and establish a Republic

Patricians

Rich, upper-class citizens

Plebeians

Common people

Lex Hortensia

Allowed Plebeians to pass laws without approval of Patricians

Consul

2 served at once, elected by Patricians in Senate, had veto power, like 'president', 1 year term

Dictator

1 individual, typically with military background, who wielded absolute power, 6 month term

Tribunes

Vetoes Senate, represents Plebeians, doesn't suggest laws

Senate

Most powerful branch of government, could choose dictator in times of war, patrician dominated

Twelve Tables

Formal law code. After some negotiation, provides plebeians and other commoners with more rights & protections

1st Punic War

Rome defeats Carthage, gains Sicily

2nd Punic War

Hannibal invades Italy across the Alps, defeats the Romans at Cannae, and spends 12 years ravaging the Italian countryside. Hannibal is finally defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama when he is forced to return to Carthage to protect it from the Romans. Rome gains much of North Africa and Spain.

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Battle of Cannae

Hannibal encircled Romans; beat force at least three times bigger than his own; greatest victory for Carthage

Battle of Zama

Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

Scipio

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

3rd Punic War

Rome totally destroys a defenseless Carthage and makes it a Roman Province

Who conquered Gaul?

CAESAR!

Issues with expansion

Many farmers lost their jobs because wealthy landowners created latifundias with the use of slave labor. These farmers went to the cities in search of jobs, but often found only unemployment. This group became known as the Roman mob.

Latifundia

"spacious estate". Large farming estates relying on slave labor

Gracchi Brothers

Brothers who tried to redistribute land, social reformers, killed by patricians

Marius

General who sided with social reformers, lost civil war to Sulla, used professional armies to change the course of Roman politics

Sulla

General who won civil war against Marius, VERY conservative, became a dictator, had reign of terror

Pompey

Military general & chosen to defend republic, married Caesar's daughter, ultimately threatened Caesar for power, fled to Egypt during Civil War and was assassinated

First Triumvirate

Caesar, Pompey, Crassus. 3 men control Rome

Crassus

Wealthy Roman, Caesar's friend (provided funds to him at times), gains fame by defeating Spartacus, killed trying to conquer Parthian empire

Spartacus

Slave and gladiator. Led slave revolt

Caesar's reforms

Created more jobs for the poor, gave land to poor farmers, helped establish a road system, extended citizenship to provinces, new calendar based on the sun ("Julian Calendar"), expanded the senate

Was Caesar ever emperor?

NO!

Challenges to Roman stability in the late Republic

ARMY, political corruption, murder, rigged elections, land distribution inequalities, latifundia - "spacious estate", poverty, slave revolts

Battle of Pharsalus

Caesar defeats Pompey

Who killed Caesar/ how many times was he stabbed?

Members of the senate stabbed him in 44 BCE . 23

Second Triumvirate

Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus. Hunt down Caesar's killers and defeat them

Battle of Philippi

2 Triumvirate finally beat Brutus and Cassius, organizers of Caesar's assassination

Mark Antony

Caesar's friend and right-hand-man, ruled the east, struggles with Octavian set off a Civil War and led to the end of the Republic

Lepidus

Powerful politician and strong supporter of Caesar's, ruled North Africa, later banished by Octavian, forced to retire, and died in exile

Octavian

Rome's first emperor, Grandnephew of Caesar, ruled the West after Caesar's death, after defeating Antony, he becomes EMPEROR and begins the Roman Empire, his name is changed to Augustus "Exalted One"

Battle of Actium

Octavian corners Antony + Cleopatra, forcing them to commit suicide

When was the Roman empire established?

27 BCE

Tiberius

heir of Augustus, sees height of empire

Nero

Horrible emperor, maybe responsible for fire that destroyed large part of Rome, claimed 1/3 of Rome as personal property

Who built the Colosseum?

Emperor Vespasian

How did the arch revolutionize Roman architecture?

Arches required less materials and were stronger and more efficient than previous elements.

Why are aqueducts so significant to the success of Rome?

Aqueducts allowed Rome to be successful because it provided running water to cities and revolutionized the daily life of all Roman citizens. Because so much water was available, the population could increase.

Why was Roman concrete superior to its predecessor?

Roman concrete was superior because it was waterproof and strong, mixed with volcanic sand and lime.

What is the Via Appia?

Rome's first national highway, made of layers of sand, boulders, gravel, and paving stones.

Significance of the Cloaca Maxima

The Cloaca Maxima drained the marshlands between Rome's villages, allowing the Forum to be built there and transforming Rome from a series of tribes to a centralized culture.

Who built the Pantheon

Emperor Hadrian

Why was Hadrian's Wall important?

It allowed Hadrian to secure Brittania

Trajan's forum

Larger than every other emperor's forum combined. It was designed by a Greek architect and a magnificent marble network including libraries and a 2 story basilica.

Caligula

Succeeded Tiberius, uncontrolled passions resulted in insanity

Pax Romana

Roman Peace/golden age of Rome

Legions

Large groups of disciplined Roman soldiers. Physically fit, dedicated, organized

Circus Maximus

An outdoor arena in which public games, such as chariot races, were held

How does Greek art influence Roman art?

Romans portray muscular yet realistic figures with a sense of movement

Importance of roads

Allowed military to quickly move throughout the empire and for easier trade. Helped religions of salvation, ESPECIALLY Christianity, spread

Jesus of Nazareth

A teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity. Crucified by Romans who feared his devoted followers and named him an enemy of the state

Paul

Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world.

Why were Christians persecuted by the Romans?

Christians were monotheistic and refused to worship Roman gods and deities

Emperor Constantine

First Christian Roman Emperor, promoted religious tolerance, legalized Christianity, built a new capital at the Greek city of Byzantium in the east on the Bosporus, called Constantinople. The shift to an eastern capital demonstrates the decline of Rome itself. These reforms only temporarily slow the decline of the Empire.

Edict of Milan

Issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

Theodosius

Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.

Diocletian

Split the Empire into two parts, the east and the west. He controlled the rich east while a co-emperor under his command controlled the poorer west. This split would remain from then on. He also fixed prices to try and slow economic decay.

Constantinople

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Battle of Adrianople

Visigoths defeated the Roman Army in 378. Considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire. After this barbarians invaded whenever they wanted

Where was the 'home base' of Christianity?

Trick question! There wasn't one, so Romans had difficulty eradicating them all - think Whack-A-Mole

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Cardinal

Advises the Pope

Archbishop

In charge of archdiocese (large area)

Bishop

Teacher of church doctrine, supervises priests

Priest

Administers sacrament, has most contact with the people

Lay people

Followers of the church, aka Christians

The kingdom of Rome

• Etruscans largely influenced the development of Rome- monarchy in Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings- Rome = center of Italian trade because of proximity to the Mediterranean Sea via the River Tiber

How did the Romans take control of the Italian peninsula?

Established military colonies, were generous to subjects, exempted them from taxation, traded, intermarried, etc

What is this?

Hadrian's Wall

What is the name of 1?

Corsica

What is the name of 2?

Sardinia

What is the name of 3?

Sicily

What is shown?

The Via Appia

Empire or Republic?

EMPIRE!

What is shown?

Carthage

What is shown in blue?

Rhine River

What is shown in blue?

Tiber River

What is shown in blue?

Danube River

This was the site of what battle?

Battle of Philippi

What sea is the arrow pointing to?

Adriatic Sea

What happened in 409 BCE?

The Romans, led by Brutus, overthrow the last Etruscans and establish a republic

What sea does the arrow point to?

Tyrrhenian Sea

Mars

God of war

Jupiter

King of the gods

Juno

Goddess of marriage

Diana

Goddess of wild animals

Apollo

God of the sun

Mercury

Messenger god

Minerva

Goddess of wisdom

Venus

Goddess of love