Most powerful branch of government, could choose dictator in times of war, patrician dominated
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Twelve Tables
Formal law code. After some negotiation, provides plebeians and other commoners with more rights & protections
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1st Punic War
Rome defeats Carthage, gains Sicily
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2nd Punic War
Hannibal invades Italy across the Alps, defeats the Romans at Cannae, and spends 12 years ravaging the Italian countryside. Hannibal is finally defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama when he is forced to return to Carthage to protect it from the Romans. Rome gains much of North Africa and Spain.
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Hannibal
Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.
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Battle of Cannae
Hannibal encircled Romans; beat force at least three times bigger than his own; greatest victory for Carthage
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Battle of Zama
Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
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Scipio
Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)
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3rd Punic War
Rome totally destroys a defenseless Carthage and makes it a Roman Province
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Who conquered Gaul?
CAESAR!
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Issues with expansion
Many farmers lost their jobs because wealthy landowners created latifundias with the use of slave labor. These farmers went to the cities in search of jobs, but often found only unemployment. This group became known as the Roman mob.
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Latifundia
"spacious estate". Large farming estates relying on slave labor
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Gracchi Brothers
Brothers who tried to redistribute land, social reformers, killed by patricians
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Marius
General who sided with social reformers, lost civil war to Sulla, used professional armies to change the course of Roman politics
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Sulla
General who won civil war against Marius, VERY conservative, became a dictator, had reign of terror
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Pompey
Military general & chosen to defend republic, married Caesar's daughter, ultimately threatened Caesar for power, fled to Egypt during Civil War and was assassinated
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First Triumvirate
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus. 3 men control Rome
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Crassus
Wealthy Roman, Caesar's friend (provided funds to him at times), gains fame by defeating Spartacus, killed trying to conquer Parthian empire
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Spartacus
Slave and gladiator. Led slave revolt
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Caesar's reforms
Created more jobs for the poor, gave land to poor farmers, helped establish a road system, extended citizenship to provinces, new calendar based on the sun ("Julian Calendar"), expanded the senate
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Was Caesar ever emperor?
NO!
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Challenges to Roman stability in the late Republic
ARMY, political corruption, murder, rigged elections, land distribution inequalities, latifundia - "spacious estate", poverty, slave revolts
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Battle of Pharsalus
Caesar defeats Pompey
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Who killed Caesar/ how many times was he stabbed?
Members of the senate stabbed him in 44 BCE . 23
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Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus. Hunt down Caesar's killers and defeat them
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Battle of Philippi
2 Triumvirate finally beat Brutus and Cassius, organizers of Caesar's assassination
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Mark Antony
Caesar's friend and right-hand-man, ruled the east, struggles with Octavian set off a Civil War and led to the end of the Republic
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Lepidus
Powerful politician and strong supporter of Caesar's, ruled North Africa, later banished by Octavian, forced to retire, and died in exile
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Octavian
Rome's first emperor, Grandnephew of Caesar, ruled the West after Caesar's death, after defeating Antony, he becomes EMPEROR and begins the Roman Empire, his name is changed to Augustus "Exalted One"
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Battle of Actium
Octavian corners Antony + Cleopatra, forcing them to commit suicide
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When was the Roman empire established?
27 BCE
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Tiberius
heir of Augustus, sees height of empire
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Nero
Horrible emperor, maybe responsible for fire that destroyed large part of Rome, claimed 1/3 of Rome as personal property
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Who built the Colosseum?
Emperor Vespasian
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How did the arch revolutionize Roman architecture?
Arches required less materials and were stronger and more efficient than previous elements.
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Why are aqueducts so significant to the success of Rome?
Aqueducts allowed Rome to be successful because it provided running water to cities and revolutionized the daily life of all Roman citizens. Because so much water was available, the population could increase.
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Why was Roman concrete superior to its predecessor?
Roman concrete was superior because it was waterproof and strong, mixed with volcanic sand and lime.
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What is the Via Appia?
Rome's first national highway, made of layers of sand, boulders, gravel, and paving stones.
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Significance of the Cloaca Maxima
The Cloaca Maxima drained the marshlands between Rome's villages, allowing the Forum to be built there and transforming Rome from a series of tribes to a centralized culture.
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Who built the Pantheon
Emperor Hadrian
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Why was Hadrian's Wall important?
It allowed Hadrian to secure Brittania
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Trajan's forum
Larger than every other emperor's forum combined. It was designed by a Greek architect and a magnificent marble network including libraries and a 2 story basilica.
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Caligula
Succeeded Tiberius, uncontrolled passions resulted in insanity
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Pax Romana
Roman Peace/golden age of Rome
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Legions
Large groups of disciplined Roman soldiers. Physically fit, dedicated, organized
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Circus Maximus
An outdoor arena in which public games, such as chariot races, were held
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How does Greek art influence Roman art?
Romans portray muscular yet realistic figures with a sense of movement
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Importance of roads
Allowed military to quickly move throughout the empire and for easier trade. Helped religions of salvation, ESPECIALLY Christianity, spread
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Jesus of Nazareth
A teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity. Crucified by Romans who feared his devoted followers and named him an enemy of the state
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Paul
Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world.
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Why were Christians persecuted by the Romans?
Christians were monotheistic and refused to worship Roman gods and deities
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Emperor Constantine
First Christian Roman Emperor, promoted religious tolerance, legalized Christianity, built a new capital at the Greek city of Byzantium in the east on the Bosporus, called Constantinople. The shift to an eastern capital demonstrates the decline of Rome itself. These reforms only temporarily slow the decline of the Empire.
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Edict of Milan
Issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
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Theodosius
Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.
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Diocletian
Split the Empire into two parts, the east and the west. He controlled the rich east while a co-emperor under his command controlled the poorer west. This split would remain from then on. He also fixed prices to try and slow economic decay.
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Constantinople
City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire
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Battle of Adrianople
Visigoths defeated the Roman Army in 378. Considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire. After this barbarians invaded whenever they wanted
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Where was the 'home base' of Christianity?
Trick question! There wasn't one, so Romans had difficulty eradicating them all - think Whack-A-Mole
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Pope
Head of the Roman Catholic Church
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Cardinal
Advises the Pope
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Archbishop
In charge of archdiocese (large area)
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Bishop
Teacher of church doctrine, supervises priests
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Priest
Administers sacrament, has most contact with the people
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Lay people
Followers of the church, aka Christians
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The kingdom of Rome
- Etruscans largely influenced the development of Rome- monarchy in Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings- Rome \= center of Italian trade because of proximity to the Mediterranean Sea via the River Tiber
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How did the Romans take control of the Italian peninsula?
Established military colonies, were generous to subjects, exempted them from taxation, traded, intermarried, etc
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What is this?
Hadrian's Wall
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What is the name of 1?
Corsica
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What is the name of 2?
Sardinia
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What is the name of 3?
Sicily
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What is shown?
The Via Appia
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Empire or Republic?
EMPIRE!
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What is shown?
Carthage
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What is shown in blue?
Rhine River
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What is shown in blue?
Tiber River
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What is shown in blue?
Danube River
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This was the site of what battle?
Battle of Philippi
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What sea is the arrow pointing to?
Adriatic Sea
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What happened in 409 BCE?
The Romans, led by Brutus, overthrow the last Etruscans and establish a republic
Studied by 19 people
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Flashcard (49)